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Not so. If you take off the ideological blinkers and simply ask how the world can produce
the food it needs with the least environmental cost, a new middle way opens. The key is
sustainability: whatever we do must not destroy the capital of soil and water we need to
keep on producing. Like today's organic farming, the intelligent farming of the future
should pay much more attention to the health of its soil and the ecosystem it's part of. But
intelligent farming should also make shrewd and locally appropriate use of chemical
fertilisers and pesticides. The most crucial ingredient in this new style of agriculture is not
chemicals but information about what's happening in each field and how to respond. Yet
ironically, this key element may be the most neglected today.
D
Clearly, organic farming has all the warm, fuzzy sentiment on its side. An approach that
eschews synthetic chemicals surely runs no risk of poisoning land and water. And its
emphasis on building up natural ecosystems seems to be good for everyone. Perhaps
these easy assumptions explain why sales of organic food across Europe are increasing
by at least 50 per cent per year.
E
Going organic sounds idyllic-but it's naive, too. Organic agriculture has its own suite of
environmental costs, which can be worse than those of conventional farming, especially
if it were to become the world norm. But more fundamentally, the organic versus-chemical
debate focuses on the wrong question. The issue isn't what you put into a farm, but what
you get out of it, both in terms of crop yields and pollutants, and what condition the farm
is in when you're done.
F
Take chemical fertilisers, which deliver nitrogen, an essential plant nutrient, to crops along
with some phosphorus and potassium. It is a mantra of organic farming that these
fertilisers are unwholesome, and plant nutrients must come from natural sources. But in
fact the main environmental damage done by chemical fertilisers as opposed to any other
kind is through greenhouse gases-carbon dioxide from the fossil fuels used in their