Information on Seeking Asylum in the United States for Detained Immigrants who are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender or hiv-positive



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Information on Seeking Asylum in the United States for Detained Immigrants 



who are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender or HIV-Positive 

 

 

Table of Contents 

 

Introduction …………………………………………………...……….. Page 2 

 

What Happens Next?  

Credible and Reasonable Fear Interviews ...............……...………….. Page 3 

 

Steps in the Asylum Process …………………………………………... Page 6 

 

Sexual Orientation and HIV Status 

As a Basis for Asylum …………………………………………………. Page 7 

 

Defining Persecution ……………………………………………….….. Page 8 

 

Establishing a Well-Founded Fear of Persecution ………………..…. Page 9 

 

Filing Your Asylum Application ………………………………...……. Page 10 

 

Other Forms of Immigration Relief  

for LGBT or HIV-Positive Individuals ……………………………… Page 12 

 

Treatment in Detention ………………………………...…………….. Page 14 

 

 

208 South LaSalle Street, Suite 1818, Chicago, Illinois 60604 

Detention Line: (312) 263-0901 · General Phone: (312) 660–1370 · Fax: (312) 660-1505 

 

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 Information on Seeking Asylum in the United States for Detained Immigrants who are 

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender or HIV-Positive, © 2009 Heartland Alliance’s

 

 National Immigrant Justice 



Center

 

 



INTRODUCTION 

 

You are currently detained by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), an agency of the 

United States government.  DHS says that you may not have the right to stay in the United 

States.  You should contact an attorney to seek legal counsel.  The National Immigrant 

Justice Center is available to provide legal counsel and provide legal referrals.  You can 

contact the National Immigrant Justice Center at its toll free number: (312) 263-0901.  

 

This document is for people who are afraid to return to their home countries because they are 



lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT) and/or due to their HIV status. You may have a 

defense against deportation if you fear you will be harmed or tortured if you are deported to 

your home country.  This manual is a guide and resource.  It is not intended to serve as a 

substitute for legal counsel.  You should attempt to obtain a lawyer. 

 

There are three types of protection available to people who fear harm in their home countries: 



(1) Asylum (2) Withholding of Removal and (3) Relief under the Convention Against 

Torture (CAT).  Asylum requires that you show that there is a one in ten chance that you will 

be persecuted in your home country because of your LBGT or HIV status.  Withholding of 

removal is similar to asylum, but requires that you show there is a more than 50 percent 

chance you will be persecuted.  This defense is available to people who may not qualify for 

asylum because of criminal convictions, because they did not file for asylum within one year 

of arriving in the United States or because they have already been ordered removed.  CAT 

relief is available to people who can show they will be tortured by the government in their 

home countries.   

NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    2


WHAT HAPPENS NEXT? 

Credible and Reasonable Fear Interviews 



 

Depending on how you entered the United States and why you were taken into custody, your 

first step in the asylum process may be a “credible fear interview” or a “reasonable fear 

interview.”  If you have already had hearings before an immigration judge, you will not have 

either of these interviews and should tell the judge you wish to apply for asylum at your next 

hearing.  



 

CREDIBLE FEAR INTERVIEW 

 

If you attempted to enter the United States 

without valid travel documents and were 

detained at or near a port of entry and you told 

the immigration officials that you have a fear 

of returning to your country because of your 

LGBT identity and/or HIV status, you should 

be given a “credible fear interview.”   

 

You will be interviewed by an asylum officer.  



If the officer believes there is a significant 

possibility that you will be persecuted, you will 

pass the interview and will be allowed to apply 

for asylum before an Immigration Judge.  

 

 

 



 

 

REASONABLE FEAR INTERVIEW 

 

If you have previously been ordered deported 

and you came back to the United States, or you 

were ordered deported and never left, DHS will 

seek to remove you using your old deportation 

order.  If you are afraid of returning to your 

country because you are LGBT and/or HIV 

positive, you must request a “reasonable fear 

interview” in order to seek protection in the 

United States.  

 

You must also request a “reasonable fear 



interview” if you have been convicted of a 

crime that is considered an aggravated felony 

and you are not a lawful permanent resident of 

the United States.   

 

You will be interviewed by an asylum officer.  



If the officer believes there is a reasonable 

possibility that you will be persecuted or 

tortured, you will pass the interview and will be 

allowed to apply for withholding of removal 

and/or relief under the Convention Against 

Torture before an immigration judge. 

 

At your interview … 

 

If you fear you will be harmed in your country because you are LGBT, or because you are HIV 

positive, you should tell the asylum officer in your credible or reasonable fear interview. You may 

consult with a lawyer before the interview, and your lawyer may attend the interview with you.  

 

At your interview, the asylum officer will ask you to describe: 



 

Any experiences of persecution, torture or other harm that you experienced in the past 



 

Why you fear you will be persecuted or tortured in the future  



 

Whom you fear 



 

Whether you have had any other experiences (in any country, including the United States) 



that may place you at risk of persecution or torture.   

 

NIJC August 2009 



 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    



It is extremely important that you tell the truth.  Any statement you make at the credible or reasonable 

fear interview may be reviewed by the judge who ultimately decides your case. 

 

After your interview, the asylum officer will decide whether you passed.  If you are found not to have 



a credible or reasonable fear of persecution, you can appeal the decision to an immigration judge.  If 

the immigration judge agrees with the asylum officer, there are no more appeals and you will be 

removed from the United States.  If you pass, you will be permitted to apply for asylum, withholding 

of removal and/or relief under the Convention Against Torture.    

 

 

 



 

PAROLE 

 

If you have been stopped by the DHS at a port of entry (for example, the border or airport), are 

seeking asylum and have passed your credible fear interview, you can request “parole” from the DHS.  

When you request parole you are asking the immigration authorities to release you from custody 

while your asylum proceedings are pending.  To request parole, you will need to submit a letter in 

writing to the immigration authorities who are currently detaining you.  In your letter, you must show 

that you: 

   


 

 



Have documents confirming your identity, such as your passport or identity card; 

 



Have a “sponsor” such as a relative or friend in the U.S. who knows you well, can provide 

you food and housing if you are released, and can commit to helping you appear at future 

immigration obligations; 

 



Are committed to appearing at future immigration obligations; and 

 



Do not pose a threat to the community (for example, you do not have a criminal record within 

or outside the U.S.). 

 

Your request for parole will be considered more favorably if you are able to obtain an “affidavit” or 



letter from your sponsor.  In their letter, your sponsor should state that they know you well, can offer 

you food and a place to stay, and will help make sure that you appear at all future immigration 

obligations. 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    4

BOND RE-DETERMINATION HEARING 

 

If you were not detained at a port of entry, are seeking asylum and have passed your credible fear 



interview, you may ask a judge to order your release under bond while your asylum proceedings are 

pending.  You may be eligible for a bond if you: (1) physically entered the country but were 

apprehended by the DHS in the interior of the country (you are not an “arriving alien”); (2) are in 

removal proceedings, but do not yet have a final order of removal; and (3) have not been convicted of 

certain crimes.  You should consult with an attorney to assess whether you are eligible for bond.  

Note that generally, if you are in removal proceedings following a reasonable fear interview, you will 



not be eligible for bond. 

 

WHAT IS A BOND? 

 

A bond is an amount of money paid to the DHS to guarantee that you will appear in court for all of 



your hearings and obey the order of the immigration judge.  If you attend all of your hearings, and 

obey the judge’s order, then the money will be returned to the person who paid the bond at the end of 

the proceedings (regardless of whether you win or lose).  If you do not appear in court, the money is 

not returned and you may be ordered removed or deported by the immigration judge.   



 

If you are eligible for bond, the immigration judge has the power to set a bond, and to raise or lower 

the amount set by the DHS.   The immigration judge will look at two main factors in deciding 

whether to set a bond or change the bond amount set by the DHS: 

 

1.

 

Whether you will be a danger to the community; and 

2.

 

Whether you will be a flight risk if you are released. 

 

To decide whether you will be a danger to the community if you are released from DHS custody, 

the immigration judge will consider: 

 



 

The nature and seriousness of your criminal record; and 

 

Any efforts toward reforming or rehabilitating yourself. 



 

To decide whether you will be a flight risk, the immigration judge will look to see if you: 

 



 



Have any ties to family in the U.S.; 

 



Have any ties to the community where you want to live; 

 



Previously worked in the U.S. and have a job if you are released; 

 



Own any property in the U.S.; and 

 



Have any defense to your removal or deportation (for example, an asylum claim based on 

your LGBT status). 

 

The law states that the minimum bond amount is $1,500.  You, your family or friends will have to 

pay 100% of the bond amount to the DHS.  The money will be returned to the person who pays the 

bond if you obey the judge’s orders.   

 

The DHS trial attorney may object to a bond in your case or may disagree with the amount you 



request.  The final amount of the bond will be determined by the judge after considering all of the 

factors you and the DHS attorney present in court.  You are encouraged to ask the immigration judge 

to set or lower the bond to the minimum amount that you can pay.   

NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    



Steps in the Asylum Process 

For Detained Asylum Seekers 



Credible Fear 

Interview 

Reasonable Fear 

Interview 

Parole Review 

(if eligible) 

Appeal to 

Immigration Judge 

No Appeal- 

Deportation  

Notice to Appear 

Issued 

Master Calendar Hearing 

(may have more than one) 

Immigration Judge Agrees 

With Asylum Officer 

Asylum Officer Decides 

NO During Credible or 

Reasonable Fear Interview

Immigration Judge 

Overturns Decision of 

Asylum Officer 

Asylum Officer Decides 

YES During Credible or 

Reasonable Fear Interview

Immigration Judge 

Decides NO 



Appeal to a Federal 

Circuit Court of Appeals 

Asylum 

Granted 

Deportation 

Win 


Lose 

BIA Decides YES 

BIA Decides NO 

Case Goes 

Back to BIA 

Appeal to Board of 

Immigration Appeals 

(BIA) 

Immigration Judge 

Decides YES 

Asylum Granted 

(if DHS appeals, 

case goes to BIA) 

Merits Hearing Before 

Immigration Judge 

Arrest by Department of 

Homeland Security (DHS)

 

NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    6


 

 

 

SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND HIV STATUS 

AS A BASIS FOR ASYLUM 

 

 



In 1990, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the administrative body that hears appeals of 

immigration court decisions, found that being gay could be the basis for winning asylum in 

the United States.  Being gay or lesbian alone, however, is not enough to win asylum.  In 

addition to being gay or lesbian, you must show that: 

 



 



You were persecuted in the past because of your sexual orientation

 



You have a well-founded fear of persecution in your home country because of your 

sexual identity; or 

 

Your life or freedom will be threatened because of your homosexuality. 



 

If you identify as transgender or if you feel that your biological sex does not match your 

gender identity, you also may be eligible for asylum. 

 

If you are HIV-positive or have AIDS, you may be eligible to apply for protection in the 



United States if you can prove that you will suffer persecution or torture as a result of your 

HIV status.  

 

A successful asylum claim on the basis of sexual orientation or HIV status 

must have all of these elements: 

 

1.

 



You have a well-founded fear that you will be persecuted if you return to your home 

country, or you suffered persecution there in the past because you are lesbian, gay, 

bisexual, transgender and/or HIV-positive. 

2.

 



The threat or persecution comes from a governmental official (for example, a police 

officer), or someone the government is unwilling or unable to control. 

3.

 

The persecution you suffered in the past or that you fear will happen in the future is 



due to your identity as a lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender or due to your HIV 

status.  



NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    



 

DEFINING PERSECUTION 

 

What is persecution? 

 

 



Persecution may be physical, emotional or psychological.  Some of the most 

recognized forms of physical persecution include beatings, torture, kidnapping and 

confinement, but other forms of abuse may constitute persecution and entitle you to 

protection. 

 



 



Rape and sexual assault of a gay person on account of his or her sexual or 

gender identity is persecution.  In the case of Hernandez-Montiel, the court found 

that there was persecution when a “gay man with a female sexual identity” was 

detained, strip searched, sexually assaulted, and raped by police officers on more than 

one occasion and sexually assaulted and attacked by a group of men.

1

  

 



 

Forced institutionalization, electroshock treatments and drug injections may 



also constitute persecution.  Harmful medical or psychological “treatments” to 

“cure” your sexual orientation or gender identity, even if your persecutor believed 

such treatments would be good for you, may be persecution.

2

 



 

 



In some instances severe forms of discrimination will amount to persecution.  For 

example, if you are denied or lost a job or if you are unable to travel safely within 

your country because of your LGBT identity, these forms of discrimination may be 

considered persecution. 

 

 

 



What is not persecution? 

 

 



Lack of access to adequate medical treatment generally is not considered 

persecution.  If you are HIV-positive or have AIDS, the fact that you cannot receive 

proper medical treatment in your home country generally is not enough to establish 

eligibility for asylum. 

 



 

Generally, harassment and discrimination based on your LGBT status will not 

constitute persecution. If you suffered only a few isolated incidents where people 

verbally harassed you because you are LGBT, this will not rise to the level of 

persecution, unless you can show there is a high likelihood you will face more severe 

persecution if you are returned to your home country.  

                                                 

1

 Hernandez-Montiel v. INS, 225 F.3d 1084 (9th Cir. 2000). 



2

 Pitcherskaia v. INS, 118 F.3d 641 (9th Cir. 1997) (citing Sagermark v. INS, 767 F.2d 645, 650 (9th Cir. 

1985)).    

NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    8


ESTABLISHING A WELL-FOUNDED FEAR

 

OF PERSECUTION 

 

 



 

You must show that you suffered harm in the 

past or will be harmed in the future—but you do 

not have to show both. 

 

“Pattern or Practice” 



 

Persecution against a group of 

individuals, such as people who 

are LGBT or HIV-positive, must 

be systematic, pervasive, or 

organized in order to amount to 

a pattern or practice sufficient 

for establishing a well-founded 

fear of persecution. 

You may be granted asylum based on past persecution 

alone.  Or, if you have not suffered harm in the past, 

you may be eligible for asylum if you can demonstrate 

that, because of your LGBT identity or HIV-positive 

status, you have a well-founded fear that you will be 

harmed if you return to your home country.   

 



 

You do not need to show that threats of future 

harm are currently being directed toward you 

specifically, if you believe that would people 

would harm in the future, if they knew that you 

are LGBT or HIV-positive. 

 

 



Evidence that will help your case: 

 

 



Any evidence that you can obtain that shows that you suffered persecution in your 

country because of your LGBT identity is invaluable to your case.  Evidence could 

include: medical reports, police reports, photographs or letters from people who 

witnessed your abuse.   



 

 



To prove that you have a well-founded fear of future persecution, you need to provide 

documentation from reputable sources in order to show that a pattern of mistreatment 

of LGBT individuals exists in your country.  These could be reports from the United 

States State Department, Amnesty International or Human Rights Watch.  You could 

also use affidavits written by individuals such as professors or human rights workers 

to support your case.   

 



 



Your candid, credible and sincere testimony will establish your genuine fear of 

persecution.  You should write out a description of the experiences you have had.  

Include as many dates and details as possible.  Be prepared to explain your story 

verbally to the immigration judge at court.     

 



 



An essential component of your asylum application will be proving that you are gay. 

You may include testimony or documentation of past partners or friends who know 

that you are gay. 

 

NIJC August 2009 



 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    



FILING YOUR  

ASYLUM APPLICATION 

 

 



Asylum seekers who are detained must file applications for asylum, withholding of removal 

and/or relief under the Convention Against Torture in immigration court.   

 



 



Make sure the immigration judge knows you wish to submit an application.   

 



 

The court should give you an application to complete and give you instructions about 

when you must file the completed application.   

 



 

Be sure to ask the judge if you have any questions about when your application is 

due.    

 

 

 

You must file your asylum application within one year  

after the date you entered the United States.

 

 



 

If you do not file your application within one year, you cannot apply for asylum unless you 

can show that there are “changed or extraordinary circumstances” that caused the delay in 

filing your application.  In order for you to be eligible for an exception to the one-year rule, 

you must file your application within a reasonable period of time after the changed or 

extraordinary circumstances occur.  Please see the following page for more information 

about what constitutes “changed or extraordinary circumstances.” 

 

The one-year deadline applies only to asylum applications and not withholding of removal or 



relief under the Convention Against Torture.  

NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    

10


 

Changed and Extraordinary Circumstances 

 

Changed circumstances means that you did not fear returning to your home country when 

you first arrived in the United States, but conditions have changed and you now fear 

returning.  

 

Examples of changed circumstances in your home country include: 



 

 



Criminalization of same-sex relations 

 



People in your country discovering that you are gay and threatening you 

 



Change to a homophobic government.  

 

Examples of changed circumstances that you may experience after coming  



to the United States include: 

 



 

You have come out as gay or lesbian 

 

You received an HIV diagnosis 



 

You underwent medical steps to transition from male to female or female to male.   



 

Extraordinary circumstances means that something prevented you from filing the 

application within the one-year deadline. You must show that you did not create the 

circumstances through your own action or inaction.  

 

Extraordinary circumstances include:  



 

 



Serious illness or mental or physical disability.  For example, you may have suffered 

from post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of the harm you suffered in your 

country because you are LGBT, or you may have experienced major depression 

because you have had difficulty coming to terms with your sexuality because 

homosexuality is greatly stigmatized in your country. 

 



Legal disability.  For example, you are under 18 years of age and are without a parent 

or legal guardian in the U.S. 

 

Ineffective assistance of legal counsel.  For example, if your lawyer never informed 



you about the possibility of applying for asylum based on sexual orientation, gender 

identity or HIV status. 

 

Maintenance of lawful status.  For example, you came on a student visa and you 



“came out” while you were studying in the United States, or you found out you were 

HIV positive while working or studying in the United States.  You must submit your 

asylum application within at least six months of your lawful status expiring.   

 



Improperly filed application within the one-year period.  For example, you filed an 

application for asylum within one year, but it was rejected because it was not properly 

filed. 



 



Death or serious illness of a legal representative or family member. 

NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    

11 


 

OTHER FORMS OF IMMIGRATION RELIEF  

FOR LGBT OR HIV-POSTIVE INDIVIDUALS 

 

 

Family-Based Immigration: 



U.S. Law and Gay & Transsexual Marriage 

 

U.S. immigration law is governed exclusively by federal law, and current federal law defines 



marriage as “a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife.”  If you 

married your same-sex partner in a state that allows gay marriage, or in another country 

where gay marriage is recognized, you will not receive any immigration benefits in the 

United States. 

 

If you married in the United States and your spouse is transgender or transsexual, 



immigration officials should look to the law of the U.S. state where the marriage took place. 

If your marriage was considered legally valid there, it should be valid for immigration 

purposes.

3

  As long as the state considers your marriage to be a valid opposite-sex marriage, 



you may qualify for immigration benefits through your spouse.   

 

If you are married to someone of the opposite sex who is a United States citizen or a lawful 



permanent resident, your spouse may be able to file immigration papers for you.  You should 

speak with an attorney immediately.  You may also qualify for immigration benefits if your 

parents are lawful permanent residents or U.S. citizens, if you have a child over the age of 21 

who is a U.S. citizen, or if you have a sibling over the age of 21 who is a U.S. citizen who 

filed an application on your behalf long ago.    

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



                                                 

3

 Matter of Lovo-Lara, 23 I. & N. Dec. 746 (BIA 2005).    



NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    

12


U-Visa Relief 

 

U-Visas are visas that allow individuals who have been 

victims of certain crimes to remain in the United States 

if the head of a law enforcement agency certifies that the 

individual has been or could be of assistance in the 

investigation or prosecution of the crime.  If you have 

been a victim of certain crimes, you may qualify for a U-

Visa.  If you are granted a U-Visa, you are eligible to 

work and remain legally in the U.S. for up to 4 years.  

After 3 years of continuous residence in the U.S. under a 

U-Visa, you may apply for lawful permanent residence 

(green card).      



  

 

To qualify for a U-Visa, you must show: 

 

1) You suffered substantial mental or 



physical harm as a victim of certain 

criminal activity;  



The U-Visa is especially 

important for LGBT individuals 

who have been victims of 

domestic violence and do not 

qualify for other immigration 

relief because same-sex 

marriage is not legally 

recognized under United States 

immigration law.  

Crimes that may qualify for a U-Visa 

Rape 


Torture 

Trafficking 

Incest 

Domestic Violence 



Sexual Assault 

Prostitution 

Sexual Exploitation 

Female Genital 

       Mutilation 

Being Held Hostage 

Peonage 

Involuntary Servitude 

Slave Trade 

Kidnapping 

Abduction 

False Imprisonment 

Obstruction of Justice 

Perjury 


Attempt, conspiracy 

or solicitation to 

commit any of these 

crimes, or any 

“similar activity” 

 

 

 

2) You possess information concerning 



that criminal activity;  

 

3) You have been helpful, are being 



helpful, or are likely to be helpful to 

federal, state or local law enforcement in 

investigating or prosecuting the criminal 

activity; and 

 

4) The criminal activity occurred in the 



United States or violated U.S. law.   

 

Cooperation with law enforcement is 

crucial to obtaining a U-Visa.  You may 

be required to provide statements 

and/or testify against the offender to 

qualify for a U-Visa. 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    

13 


NIJC August 2009 

 

LGBT KNOW YOUR RIGHTS    

14

TREATMENT IN DETENTION 

 

As an individual detained by the United States government, you have numerous 



constitutional and other rights, regardless of your immigration status.  The government 

should issue a document called the “National Detainee Handbook.”  If you have not received 

this handbook, please request it.  Your rights include: 

 



 

The right to medical treatment (including mental health services).  Among 

other things, you must be provided with medication if needed and must be 

able to see a doctor if you wish. 

 

The right to contact your attorney or to find an attorney.  You can request that 



the facility allow you to fax or mail documents, and should be able to access 

phones for making collect or prepaid calls. 

 

The right to be free from discrimination due to LGBT identity or HIV status, 



or any other religious, political, or ethnic discrimination.   

 

A fuller discussion of your rights is contained in the National Detainee Handbook.  If you 



believe your rights have been violated, you can file a complaint with your local jail, with 

your deportation officer, or can contact NAPSM. 



 

CONTACT US 

 

If you have questions about your case, contact the National Asylum Partnership on Sexual 



Minorities at the National Immigrant Justice Center at (312) 263-0901.  You may call collect 

if you are detained.  You may also send your questions by mail to: 

 

National Asylum Partnership on Sexual Minorities (or NAPSM) 



c/o National Immigrant Justice Center 

208 S. LaSalle Street, Suite 1818 

Chicago, IL 60604 

 

 



If you are in need of country conditions documentation to support your claim for asylum 

based on your sexual orientation, gender identity or HIV status, contact our San Francisco 

office at:  

 

National Asylum Partnership on Sexual Minorities (or NAPSM) 



Asylum Documentation Project 

P.O. Box 558 

San Francisco, CA 94104-0558 

Tel: (415) 398-2759 



Document Outline

  • REASONABLE FEAR INTERVIEW
  • AS A BASIS FOR ASYLUM
  • Family-Based Immigration:
  • U.S. Law and Gay & Transsexual Marriage
  • U-Visa Relief
    • Crimes that may qualify for a U-Visa
  • TREATMENT IN DETENTION
  • CONTACT US

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