Abnormal
Venography provides a comprehensive technique for detection of stenoses of the major cerebrospinal veins. These stenoses are usually well seen on contrast studies. However, the nature of such stenoses may be less clear. IVUS provides important data regarding the nature of stenoses: the anatomic nature of stenoses, the phasic nature of stenoses and whether they are intrinsic or extrinsic in nature.
Assessment of all valvular structures is very important as the majority of abnormalities are located in areas of valves and most abnormalities are malformations of valves. Intraluminal bright signals can be misinterpreted as artifacts but they should be considered very carefully. Moving the transducer and then returning to the same area looking for the persistent bright reflections in the same location is a helpful tool in eliminating artifacts from serious consideration. The examination is reviewed both in cross sectional view and in the longitudinal mode.
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