Introduction
Leiomyosarcoma is a rare tumor of the penile
mesechymal tissue. Because of the small number of
cases reported so far, the conclusions about treat-
ment and prognosis are equivocal.
1
We report an
additional case, and attempt a review in the literature.
Case report
A 78-year-old farm worker presented with a 3-year
history of gradual painless swelling of the penis. His
medical history was remarkable for generalized
vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. During the
physical examination a non-mobile hard mass was
palpated involving the base and the midshaft of the
penis. The glans penis was normal and no regional
lymphadenopathy was found. Serum biochemistry
and full blood count were normal. A CT showed a
soft mass lesion involving the corpora cavernosa of
the penis, but no evidence of metastatic disease.With
the presumptive diagnosis of penile sarcoma the
patient underwent a radical penectomy with perineal
urethrostomy. Macroscopically, a tumor measuring
8 ´ 8 ´ 14 cm was found to arise from the corpora,
making the distinction between them almost impos-
sible. The urethra and glans were free of invasion
(Fig. 1). Microscopically, the tumor had the features
of high-grade sarcoma, being composed of neoplastic
spindle-shaped cells, with eosinophilic cytoplasm
arranged in fascicles. The cells showed moderate
nuclear atypia, with hyperchromatic nuclei and the
mitotic rate was ve per high-power eld. On
immunohistochemical staining, the tumor cells were
positive for vimentin and SMA (smooth muscle
antigen) (Fig. 2) and negative for desmin and S-100
protein. In conclusion, the tumor proved to be a
leiomyosarcoma. The patient made an uneventful
recovery and is well, with no evidence of disease,
2 years after the operation.
Discussion
The most common primary malignant neoplasm of
the penis is squamous cell carcinoma, followed by
metastatic neoplasms such as prostate, bladder,
rectum, kidney and testis, and those spreading by
direct extension from the adjacent structures.
Mesenchymal neoplasms are rare and represent less
than 5% of all types of penile malignant disease.
2
According to Dehner and Smith, who in their
classic review
3
analyzed 46 primary soft tissue tumors
of the penis, leiomyosarcoma represents approxi-
mately 13.5 and 6.5% of penile sarcomas and soft
tissue tumors in general, respectively. This is in
concordance with the earlier results of Ashley and
Edwards
4
where they found an incidence of 5.5%.
To the best of our knowledge, the last well-docu-
mented case was that of Pow-Sang and Orihuela in
1994
5
and, according to their review, the present case
is the 20th of the deep-seated lesions and the 28th
that has been reported in general.
The age range at diagnosis is from 6 years
6
to the
late 80s.
7
1
1
1
Sarcoma (2002) 6, 75–77
CASE REPORT
Leiomyosarcoma of the penis
VASILIOS S. KATSIKAS
1
, KONSTANTINOS D. KALYVAS
1
, SPIROS S. IOANNIDIS
1
,
MICHALIS V. PAPATHANASIOU
1
, KONSTANTINA P. PANAGIOTOPOULOU
2
,
PANAGIOTIS M. HITIROGLOU
2
& KONSTANTINOS YANNAKOYORGOS
1
Departments of
1
Urology and
2
Pathology, Medical School, Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Abstract
We report a case of a 78-year-old patient with penile leiomyosarcoma, treated by radical penectomy. Two years after the
operation the patient is without evidence of local recurrence or metastatic disease. We also discuss the treatment options
and attempt a review of the literature.
Key words: leiomyosarcoma, penis, deep, surgery
Correspondence to: Dr. Konstantinos Kalyvas, 27 Koritsas St., GR 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece. E-mail: kalivas@spark.net.gr
ISSN 1357–714X print/ISSN 1369–1643 online/02/0200075–03 © Taylor & Francis Ltd
DOI: 10.1080/1357714021000022177
Pratt and Ross
7
were the rst authors who classi-
ed penile leiomyosarcomas into two distinct patho-
logical and clinical entities,
super cial and
deep-seated tumors.
Super cial lesions usually present as a tumorlet in
the distal shaft or the penile prepuce, often in middle-
aged men, and commonly it is a slowly growing
tumor, with low metastatic potential.
Deep lesions, one of which we present here, arise
from the glans penis and from the proximal portions
of the corpora cavernosa or corpus spongiosum, and
occur at a relatively more advanced age.
In contrast to the super cial tumors, the deep
lesions show greater propensity to metastasize and
have therefore poorer prognosis. Clinically they are
poorly circumscribed, rm non-tender masses that
in ltrate surrounding tissues and can be the cause of
urinary obstruction or urethrocutaneous stula.
8
The origin of the super cial type neoplasm is
presumed to be the erector pilorum muscle of the
dermis or the smooth muscular elements of the
subcutaneous tissue. The deep-seated lesions
possibly arise from the smooth muscle cells of the
corpora cavernosa or the corpus spongiosum, or they
may be due to progression of an initially super cial
lesion.
5
For the tumors arising in the glans penis the
origin could be from blood vessel walls.
6
On gross section they are usually rubbery in
consistency, well circumscribed and with white,
yellow, or gray appearance.
Microscopically, they are composed of spindle-
shaped smooth muscle bers arranged into inter-
lacing fasicles. The importance of mitotic rate and
other nuclear differentiation variables, have not been
analyzed in the literature, but the data show that the
degree of differentiation is reliable in order to predict
the tumor propensity to in ltrate the adjacent struc-
tures or to metastasize. Histologically the two types
are identical.
On electron microscopy examination myo brils,
dense bodies, and abundant pinocytic vesicles are
noted, and a continuous basal lamina is present
around most of the tumor cells.
9
It seems that, of mesenchymal penile tumors,
leiomyosarcomas are more prone to recur and they
become more undifferentiated with each recurrence,
1
The recurrence rate is relatively similar in both
groups, but the metastatic potential is higher in deep-
seated lesion.
3
The treatments of choice are (1) surgery, in the
form of local excision, amputation whether partial or
total, or radical penectomy, (2) radiation, or (3)
chemotherapy. Surgery should aim at the excision of
the tumor mass. Amputation, is the most effective
treatment to prevent recurrences for both types of
penile leiomyosarcoma,
5
but the approach should be
individualized, and because super cial tumors tend
to appear in younger men, these cases can be
managed by local excision with negative surgical
margins whenever this is possible. Deep lesions are
most appropriately treated with a more aggressive
approach, namely amputation for the distal lesions,
or radical penectomy for the middle or proximal shaft
lesions.
In contrast to squamous cell carcinoma of the
penis where the excision of the regional lymph nodes
can be considered curative in early stages, this is not
the case in penile leiomyosarcoma,
10
and the radia-
tion or excision of regional lymph nodes cannot be
considered to have an in uence on patient survival.
5
Pre- or postoperative external beam radiation has
not proved its value in treating penile leiomyosarco-
mas or in increasing survival rates.
11
Brachytherapy
has not yet been reported as a treatment.
Chemotherapy with anthracyclines or etoposide has
provided poor results and, unfortunately, ongoing
trials show that the newer taxanes, have not been suc-
cessful in treating uterine leiomyosarcomas.
12
Nevertheless, both treatment modalities can be
used for palliation in recurrences not amenable to
surgical treatment.
In conclusion, leiomyosarcoma of the penis is a
very rare disease cured mainly by surgical interven-
tion. The effectiveness of radiation therapy and
chemotherapy is debatable, and the lack of large
series makes the conclusions insecure. Because of
the small number of cases so far, the best approach
for these malignant tumors is the collaboration
between the urological surgeon, the pathologist, the
radiotherapist and the medical oncologist in order to
optimize the results for the best interest of the
patient.
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Penile leiomyosarcoma
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