Introduction сhapter I advantages and disadvantages of grammar-translation method

2.2 Interactive methods in learning language
As a result, a whole complex of forms and methods for developing students’ communicative competence should be directed to the acquisition of speech skills which permit to effectively solve professional (in this case, teaching) tasks. The analysis of the structure of professional activity of future teachers of foreign language shows that it does not take into account the modern training requirements to the professional development which are expressed in the English language as an important part of their communicative competence. The significance of this provision is noted in the normative documents determining the development of the education system for the nearest future, particularly in the requirements of Federal state educational standards of the third generation (FSES). Indeed, in terms of the implementation of international mobility and the integration of Russia into the educational and informational worldwide space there it is actualizing the necessity for new ways of formation and development of the linguistic identity of the University graduates who are able to navigate freely in multicultural educational space and to perform professionally oriented interaction with specialists from other countries (Andrienko, 2007). In this regard, it is especially necessary to extend the communication range of future teachers of foreign language in the process of interaction with students and to improve the quality of language training on the basis of the development of key (basic) competencies. The obtaining of the individual communicative competence becomes the dominant purpose of the training. The teachers’ focus is transferred from the structure or system of the language (as it was in structural linguistics) on the structure of speech differing with the contextuality and cultural identity. Teaching foreign language communication in the context of dialogue of cultures implies the creation of didactic methodological conditions for the comparative humanistically oriented study of foreign languages and native cultures while forming the integrative communicative skills of intercultural communication, whereas the methodical dominant is the orientation on the formation of future professionals as subjects of the dialogue of cultures. The basic principles of the communicative-oriented socio-cultural education of students in the conditions of foreign language communication include the following: - The principle of intensive intellectualization of the educational communicative activity of students; - The principle of taking into account the profiles of preparing majors in language faculties: - The principle of balance of the academic and extracurricular activities of students in obtaining the rules of intercultural communication; - The principle of humanistic psychological component of foreign pedagogical language communication. The main directions of the reform of the Russian education system can be considered as following: planetary globalism and humanization of education; the cultural sociologization and ecologization of the training content; cross-curricular integration in education technology (Popova, 1999). The necessary conditions for the realization of socio-cultural education in Russia are the following ones: the orientation on obligatory bicultural and bilingual education, integrative- communicative approach to the language learning as a tool of communication, intercultural interaction, summarizing the achievements of material and spiritual culture of human civilization; the use of the latest technologies in the development of means of mass communication. Thus, sociocultural approach to the language education is that communicative-oriented teaching the English language as a mean of intercultural communication is closely connected to the intensive use of it as a tool of knowledge: global culture, national cultures and social subcultures of the people of the country of the studying language and its reflection in the way and style of life; spiritual heritage and historical memory of the country and the people; the way of achieving intercultural understanding.¹ Socio-cultural education in the process of learning English is first of all aimed at:
1) The development of the world view of students and their perception of the history of mankind, of their country, the self-perception as the holder of national values, the understanding of the interdependence between the personality and people;
2) The development of communicative culture of students, their spiritual potential, a global mindset, awareness of responsibility for their future, the future of their country
; 3) The training the ethically acceptable forms of expression in society;
4) The teaching the ethics of discussion communication and the ethics of interaction with people having different views;
5) The development of needs in education . Socio-cultural education in the process of learning English is a part of language education with the students’
development the integrative skills to communicate in this language in all forms of the educational process’s organization. In terms of the formation of socio-cultural competence of students in learning the English language there can be distinguished the following: the formation of ideas about the culture of oral and written communication in English; the knowledge of linguistic and linguistic variation of the English speech in terms of formal and informal communication; learning the rules of formal and informal speech behavior in English; the formation and development of skills to use language as a tool of intercultural communication; learning the ability to describe own culture in the English language adequately; learning the communicatively getting used to an English-speaking environment (within familiar topics, situations in domestic, administrative, educational or communication fields of communication); learning the strategies of self-education based on the use of remote means of language training (including communication with other cultures representatives via the Internet); the formation of concepts about equivalent and non-equivalent vocabulary; developing bilingual skills: to find English words to describe Russian realities in the English language; to identify non-equivalent vocabulary; to explain the value of the non-equivalent words in the foreign or in the native language; use correctly non-equivalent language in communicative situations in the language (within the studying themes) (Popova, 1999).
The first one is an activity approach which is considered in the context of personal and activity approach² based on the idea of the activity of the subject of studying process. This approach focuses not only on learning but also on the ways of learning designs and ways of thinking, the development of cognitive forces and the creative potential of the student . The speech activity performs as an object of the studying process, represented by a set of speech acts. The personal component places the student as a person in the learning center with his motives, goals and unique psychological characteristics. The context-situational methodological approach to the study of the English language is developed by Verbitsky and etc. According to Verbitsky (2004), context plays an important conceptual role in all processes of the psyche, consciousness and activity in this approach ³(Verbitsky, 2004). A context is a system of internal and external conditions of behavior and human activities that affects the perception, understanding, and subject’s transformation of the definite situation by giving the meaning and significance to this situation as a whole and its components. The context is an extremely important factor which determines an adequate or, on the contrary, the illusory reflection of objects and phenomena of objective reality, their personal sense⁴ . The situation of communication is a complex term that includes a large number of required and insufficiently studied characteristics: goals and motives of speech acts, records of the student's last speech experience of the interpersonal relation, that is the whole context of communication. To ensure the full implementation of the communicative task it is better to use various kinds of collective and differentiated work in the classroom, to exchange the information and the results of the verbal activity of students by giving a certain amount of new information. While teaching students a foreign language, it is important to consider two things: inadequate understanding by the trainees and trainers the specific realities of the country of studying language; the students’ interest to the peculiarities of the social behavior of foreigners in different situations. Verbitsky includes the following items to the main principles of contextual teaching: pedagogical support of student’s personal involvement into the educational activity; consistent modeling the complete content, forms and conditions of professional activity of specialists in educational activity of students; the problem of teaching content and the process of its revelation in the educational process; the adequacy of the organization forms ostudents’ educational activity to the purposes and to the content of education; the leading role of cooperative activity, interpersonal interaction and dialogical communication of the subjects of the educational process; pedagogically justified combination of new and traditional pedagogical technologies; the unity of the training and education of professional’s individuality (Verbitsky, 2004). Therefore, the formation of communicative competence must be taught to students within the situational approach. The third methodological approach, which was given the name “communication” one, is understood as a system of education shifting the focus from the aim of “teaching the verbal activity” to “teaching the communication” (Fedotova, 1999). At the same time, the communication is defined to the literature as a unidirectional process of transferring information from subject to object. Communicative objective is carried out by forming the language and speech skills in reading, listening, speaking, writing, at the end providing the language proficiency and the communication in the context of foreign language environment (educational, professional, daily, sociocultural). Foreign language communicative competence of the student performs as a general, elusive in learning short time aim. It implies such language proficiency that approaches to the language of native speakers by its linguistic parameters; therefore, oral and written forms of training should differ in correctness, disengagement, stylistic adequacy, accordance to the situation of communication. Thus, foreign language communicative competence can be interpreted as a goal and as a result, the outcome of foreign language teaching. 3.3 Interactive Teaching Technologies The essence of interactive learning is that the learning process is organized in such a way that almost all the trainees are involved in the learning process. Cooperative activities of students in the process of learning the educational material means that each student contributes own special differential contribution, while that the exchange of knowledge, ideas and ways of activity take place. Moreover, this happens in an atmosphere of goodwill and mutual support, which allows not only to gain new knowledge, but also to develop the cognitive activity, to bring it to a higher form of cooperation ad collaboration. The use of interactive technologies during the English language students’ educational activity to the purposes and to the content of education; the leading role of cooperative activity, interpersonal interaction and dialogical communication of the subjects of the educational process; pedagogically justified combination of new and traditional pedagogical technologies; the unity of the training and education of professional’s individuality (Verbitsky, 2004).
The context is an extremely important factor which determines an adequate or, on the contrary, the illusory reflection of objects and phenomena of objective reality, their personal sense (Emadi, 2013). The situation of communication is a complex term that includes a large number of required and insufficiently studied characteristics: goals and motives of speech acts, records of the student's last speech experience of the interpersonal relation, that is the whole context of communication. To ensure the full implementation of the communicative task it is better to use various kinds of collective and differentiated work in the classroom, to exchange the information and the results of the verbal activity of students by giving a certain amount of new information. While teaching students a foreign language, it is important to consider two things: inadequate understanding by the trainees and trainers the specific realities of the country of studying language; the students’ interest to the peculiarities of the social behavior of foreigners in different situations. Verbitsky includes the following items to the main principles of contextual teaching: pedagogical support of student’s personal involvement into the educational activity; consistent modeling the complete content, forms and conditions of professional activity of specialists in educational activity of students; the problem of teaching content and the process of its revelation in the educational process; the adequacy of the organization forms. students’ educational activity to the purposes and to the content of education; the leading role of cooperative activity, interpersonal interaction and dialogical communication of the subjects of the educational process; pedagogically justified combination of new and traditional pedagogical technologies; the unity of the training and education of professional’s individuality (Verbitsky, 2004). Therefore, the formation of communicative competence must be taught to students within the situational approach. The third methodological approach, which was given the name “communication” one, is understood as a system of education shifting the focus from the aim of “teaching the verbal activity” to “teaching the communication” (Fedotova, 1999). At the same time, the communication is defined to the literature as a unidirectional process of transferring information from subject to object. Communicative objective is carried out by forming the language and speech skills in reading, listening, speaking, writing, at the end providing the language proficiency and the communication in the context of foreign language environment (educational, professional, daily, sociocultural). Foreign language communicative competence of the student performs as a general, elusive in learning short time aim. It implies such language proficiency that approaches to the language of native speakers by its linguistic parameters; therefore, oral and written forms of training should differ in correctness, disengagement, stylistic adequacy, accordance to the situation of communication. Thus, foreign language communicative competence can be interpreted as a goal and as a result, the outcome of foreign language teaching. 3.3 Interactive Teaching Technologies The essence of interactive learning is that the learning process is organized in such a way that almost all the trainees are involved in the learning process. Cooperative activities of students in the process of learning the educational material means that each student contributes own special differential contribution, while that the exchange of knowledge, ideas and ways of activity take place. Moreover, this happens in an atmosphere of goodwill and mutual support, which allows not only to gain new knowledge, but also to develop the cognitive activity, to bring it to a higher form of cooperation ad collaboration. The use of interactive technologies during the English language lessons implies the organization and the development of such a dialogue communication that leads to the understanding, interaction and cooperative solving the training tasks. The interactive form of teaching implies different methods: the method of problematic exposition; presentations, discussions, case studies, group work, brainstorming, the method of critical thinking, quizzes, mini-researches, business games, role plays, the method of questioning and others. The examples of such training can be the following: discussion of the text, the method of quiz, work with documents and information sources, the analysis of the fellow student’s written work, the method of specific situations, etc.