Theoretical Framework This study is done within the framework of Myers-Scotton’s Markedness Model
(1993, 1998). Markedness, according to Myers-Scotton (1998, p. 4), relates to the choice
of one linguistic variety over other possible varieties. Myers-Scotton (1993, p. 84) further
posits that each language in a multilingual community is associated with particular social
roles, which she calls rights-and-obligations (RO) sets. The speaker-hearer signals her
understanding of the current situation by deciding to speak a particular language. The
choice of a particular language is also an indication of her relevant role within the context.
The Markedness Model is stated in the form of a principle, the negotiation
principle, and three maxims. The negotiation principle presents the theory’s central idea.
Hence Myers-Scotton’s assertion: “Choose the form of your conversational contribution
such that it indexes the set of rights and obligations which you wish to be in force between
the speaker and addressee for the current exchange” (1993, p. 113).
Three maxims emerge from this principle: the unmarked choice maxim; the
marked choice maxim; and the exploratory choice maxim. The unmarked choice maxim
states, “Make your code choice the unmarked index of the unmarked RO set in talk
exchanges when you wish to establish or affirm that RO set” (Myers-Scotton, 1993, p.
114). The marked choice maxim directs, “Make a marked code choice…when you wish
to establish a new RO set as unmarked for the current exchange” (Myers-Scotton, 1993,
p. 131). Finally, the exploratory choice maxim states, “When an unmarked choice is not
clear, use CS (codeswitching) to make alternate exploratory choices as candidates for an
unmarked choice and thereby as an index of an RO set which you favor” (Myers-Scotton,
1993, p. 142). In this sense, social meanings of language choice, as well as the causes of
alternation, are defined completely in terms of participant rights and obligations.
The Markedness Model uses the marked versus unmarked distinction to explain
the social and psychological motivations for making one language choice over another.
What community norms would predict is unmarked; what the community norms would
not predict is marked (Myers-Scotton, 1998, p.5). As Kieswetter (1995, p. 15) explains,
the unmarked choice is considered as the expected choice within that particular context,
whereas making a marked choice often carries extra social meaning. The Markedness
Model (1993, 1998) is appropriate for the present study as it relates to the choice of one
linguistic variety over other possible varieties in a speech context. In this paper, marked
and unmarked choices that speech participants make in the educational, traditional, and