Lesson 12: teaching speaking in primary level pupils: monologue and dialogue questions to be discussed

3.Aspects of Lesson Plan

There are no standard formats of what a lesson plan should contain. But it is agreed that there are several essential elements that should be included in lesson plan.

1. Goals - Goal is a general change that is hoped to be achieved by learners within completing a course or program and are derived from needs analysis done to gather information needed related to the learners. Goals composed for primary schools should exemplify children’s characteristics, and more importantly they should be achievable for young learners.

2. Objectives - Objectives contain what teacher wants the students to accomplish at the end of the lesson. In some cases, objectives are often overlapping with goals. But Richards has made clear distinctions of objectives compared to goals. The way of expressing objectives is known as Behavioral Objectives which “… take the idea of describing learning outcomes … by further operationalizing the definition of behavior”.

Operationalizing the learning objectives can be done by including the aspects of “ABCD” :

“A” stands for “Audience” and refers to the students as the subject.

“B” stands for “Behavior” that defines performance to be learned stated by action verbs.

“C” stands for “Condition” under which the demonstration of students’ performance is to occur.

“D” stands for “Degree” which describes how well the students must be able to demonstrate the performance.

3. Activities - In accordance with the implementation of Theme-Based teaching, there are some distinct characteristics to be exemplified in learning activities.

They are as follow and as suggested by Cameron: responsibility on the students, introduction of new vocabulary items, Theme-Based learning outcomes, teachers’ regular monitoring, and oral production.

5. Assessments - In analyzing the aspect of assessment used in the lesson plan, principles of assessments proposed by Cameron were employed. Firstly, the assessment should be able to measure what is formulated in the objectives regarding what and how well students should demonstrate certain action verbs. Secondly, the assessment should be congruent with activities and using familiar activities from their classroom experience.

Finally, assessment for young learners should be seen from learning-centered perspective which focuses on social interaction. So, the assessment should be focused more to be done in group work or through oral assessment. Methodology This study employed qualitative research and applied descriptive study as its framework. Qualitative research was employed to its nature which provides actual settings as the direct source of data. They also state that descriptive study views that everything is potential to provide a clue that reveals more comprehensive understanding.