Liposomal vaccine formulations as prophylactic agents: design considerations for modern vaccines

Abbreviations
AmB: amphotericin B; APCs: antigen presenting cells; BCG: Bacillus Calmette–
Guerin; BCR: B cell receptor; BMDCs: bone marrow dendritic cells; BSA: bovine 
serum albumin; CCS: ceramide carbamoyl-spermine; Chol: cholesterol; CLR: 
C-type lectin receptor; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CpG-
ODN: CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides; CWSPs: cell wall surface proteins; 
DAMPs: damaged-associated molecular patterns; DCs: dendritic cells; DCC: 
N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodimide; DC-Chol: dimethylaminoethane-carbamoyl-
cholesterol; DC-SIGN: DC-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin; DDA: dime-
thyldioctadecylammonium; Dectin-1: dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 1; 
Dectin-2: dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 2; DFO or DFB: desferrioxamine 
B; DLPC: 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DMPC: 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-
glycero-3-phosphocholine; DMPG: 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1
ʹ-
rac-glycerol); DMTAP: 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane; DOGS-
NTS-Ni: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[(N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)iminodiacetic 
acid)succinyl] (nickel salt); DOPC: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; 
DOPE: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DOTAP: 1,2-dioleoyl-
3-trimethylammonium-propane; DOTMA: 1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylam-
monium propane; DPPC: 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DSPC: 
distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DSTAP: 1,2-stearoyl-3-trimethylam-
monium-propane; DTA: diphtheria toxin; EPC: egg phosphatidylcholine; HBsAg: 
hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HIV: human immunodefi-
ciency virus; Hsp90: C. albicans heat shock protein 90; IFN-γ: gamma interferon; 
Ig: immunoglobulin; IL: interleukins; i.n.: intranasal; LAg: leishmanial antigen; Lip: 
liposome(s); LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LTBIs: latent tuberculosis infections; LUVs: 
large unilamellar vesicles; ManLAM: mannose lipoarabinomannan; Man-PE: 
mannosyl phosphatidylethanolamine; MCL: macrophage C-type lectin; MDDCs: 
monocyte-derived dendritic cells; MDMs: monocyte-derived macrophages; 
MDP: muramyl dipeptide; MHC I: class I major histocompatibility complex; MHC 
II: class II major histocompatibility complex; MINCLE: macrophage-inducible 
C-type lectin; MLVs: multilamellar vesicles; MMG: monomycoloyl glycerol; MO: 
monooleoylglycerol; MPL or MPLA: monophosphoryl lipid A; MR: mannose 
receptor; NKs: natural killer cells; NLRs: nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-
rich repeat receptor; OVA: ovabulmin; PA: phosphatidic acid; PAMPs: pathogen 
associated molecular patterns; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PG: phosphatidylglyc-
erol; PMNs: polymorpho nuclear cells; POPC: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-
3-phosphocholine; POPE: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoeth-
anolamine; PRRs: pathogen recognition receptors; PS: phosphatidylserine; 
RLRS: retinoic acid-inducible gene I receptor; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; 
SA: stearylamine; SDC: sodium deoxycholate; SUVs: small unilamellar vesicles; 
TAMPs: tumor-associated molecular patters; TB: tuberculosis; TBIs: tuberculosis 
infections; TCR: T cell receptor; TDB: trehalose dibehenate; T
H
cells: T helper cells; 
TLR: toll-like receptor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; WHO: World Health 
Organization.