“MEGALITIK” - (grekcha “meg” katta, “lit” - tosh so‘zidan
olingan).
KROMLEX - aylana bo'ylab tik o‘matilgan toshdan quriigan
bo‘lib, u tosh to‘sin bilan birlashtirilgan. Angliyadagi Stounxendj
yaqinidagi kromplex, shu tipdagi qurilmaning klassik namunasidir. Bir
qancha urinishlarga qaramasdan Stonxendjning
vazifasi hozirgacha
sirfigicha qolgan. Ba’zilaming aytishicha, ushbu toshlar ibodat qilish
uchun muhim deb ma’lumot berishgan. Toshlami bir qatorga gorizontal
tarzda joylashtirish juda ehtiyotkorlik bilan olib borilgan44.
Dolmen va Kromplex yodgorlikiari G‘arbiy Yevropa, shimoliy
Afirika, Kavkaz, Sibir va Qozog‘istonda ko‘plab uchraydi. Bu
yodgorliklardan yana biri, ko‘rinishi kabr ustiga ishlangan tuproq
qo‘rg‘on boiib, bu qo‘rg‘on diametri 12 metrga yetgan, atrofi esa tosh
plita bilan aylantirib chiqilgan. Tripolidagi (Kiyev
yaqinidagi kishloq
nomi) topilgan devor qoldig‘i, bu yerdagi uy ko‘proq daryo yoqasiga
yaqin yerda qurilganligi haqida ma’lumot beradi. Bu uy loy va
yog‘ochdan ishlangan bo‘lib, devori esa rangli naqsh bilan bezatilgan45.
Bronza asri yodgoriiklaridan yana bir ko‘rinishi qabr ustiga
ishlangan tuproq qo‘rg‘onlar boiib, bu qo‘rg‘onlarning diametri o‘n
metrga yetgan, atrofi esa tosh plntalar bilan aylantirilib chiqilgan,
Tripolyedan (Kiyev yaqinidagi qishloq nomi) topilgan devor qoldiqlari
bu yerlarda uylar ko‘proq daryo yoqalariga yaqin yerlarda qurilganligi
haqida ma’lumot beradi. Qora dengiz va Azov dengizi sohillari, Kavkaz
etaklari, Kaspiy yoqalari, janubiy Sibirda bir biriga yaqin boigan, bir
44 Christopher Young, Amanda Chadbum, Isabelle Bedu (July 2008). "Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management
Plan".
UNESCO:
18. Morgan, James (21 September 2008). "Pig pinpoints Stonehenge origins". BBC. Retrieved 22
September 2008.;
(Stonehenge is
a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire. England.
2
miles
(3 km)
west
of Amcsburv and 8 miles (13 1cm) north ofSalisburv. Stonehenge's ring of standing stones are set within earthworks in
the middle o f the most dense complex o f Neolithicand Bronze Aye monuments in England,
including several
hundred burial mounds. Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC. The surrounding circular
earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100
BC. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the firstblucstones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC, although they may
have been at the site as early as 3000 BC. The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO's list of World
Heritage Sites in 1986 and
it
is a legally protectedScheduled Ancient Monument. Stonehenge is owned bv the
Crown and managed by English Heritage: the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust. Stonehenge could have
been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings. Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC.
when the ditch «id bank were first dug, and continued for at least another five hundred years.)
45 History of Architecture by A.D.F Hamlin. COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK 2001.P 9.(
Cromlech (from Welsh
crom
. feminine form of
crym
"bent, curved" and
Hech
"slab, flagstone" is
a term used to
describewehistoric megalithic structures. The term is now virtually obsolete in archaeology, but remains in use as a
colloquial term for two different types of megalithic monument.
In English it usually refers to dolmens, the remains of prehistoric stone chamber tombs. However, it is widely used
in FrenckPortuguese and Spanish to describe stone circles. Confusingly, some English-speaking archaeologists, such
as Aubrey Burl, use this second meaning for cromlech in English too
In addition, the term is occasionally used to describe more complex ehamples o f megalithic architecture, such as
the Almendres Cromlech in Portugal.*
qancha qabilalar yashagan boiib, uni ichida Skif qabilalari yetakchilik
rolini o‘ynagan. Shuning uchun bu yer san’atini ko‘p holda Skif san’ati
va davri deb yuritiladi. Skif mustahkam qo‘rg‘on, o‘z boshliqini
vafotidan keyin
unga atab, katta tuproq qo‘rg‘on-qabri ko‘rgan. Bino
devorlarini naqsh va devoriy suratlar bilan bezaganlar46. Bugungi kunda
jahonning mashhur muzeyi Ermitajda saqlanayotgan 40 mingdan ortiq
skif madaniyati yodgorliklari ibtidoiy jamoa tuzumining so'nggi
bosqichi-temir asrini ta’riflashga q o i keladigan bebaho manbadir.
Ibtidoiy jamoa tuzumi insoniyat taraqqiyotining iizoq davom etgan
bosqichidir. Shu davr ichida inson taffakuri kamol topdi, his tuyg‘usi
rivojlandi: Inson dastlab tabiat yaratgan in’omlar iste’molidan o‘zi
mahsulot yaratishga o‘ta bordi. U mehnat jarayonida me’morchilikni
yaratdi. Me’morchilik, san’at voqeliklami obrazli berishga yordam
berish bilan birga, o‘z kuchiga ishorich hosil qilish tevarak-atrof
qoidalarini o‘zlashtirib, uni go‘zallik qonunlari asosida qayta qurishga
imkon beradi. Shunday jamoa davri san’ati qadimgi sharq, antik dunyo
va o'rta asr Yevropa san’ati hamda ilk sinfiy jamiyat san’atining asosini
tashkil etadi.
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