M muxamedova
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Grand Larousse encvclopedique.
ti derives from an association with w olf hunting den (via Latin: lupus, lower Empire: lupara). In the 7th century, St. Fare, an abbess in Meaux, left part o f her "Villa called Luvra situated in the region o f Paris** to a monastery, this territory probably did not correspond exactly to the modem site, however.The present-day Louvre Palace is a vast complex o f wings and pavilions on four main levels which, although it looks to be unified, is A c result o f many phases o f building, modification, destruction and restoration. The Palace is situated in the right-bank o f the River Seine between Rue de Rivoli to the north and die Ouai Francois Mitterrand to the south. To die west is the Jardin des Tuiieries and, to the east, the Rue de VAmiral de Calienvtits most architecturally famous facade created by Claude Perraulfl and the Place du Louvre- . The complex occupies about 40 hectares and forms two main quadrilaterals which enclose two large courtyards: the Cour Carrie ("Square Courtyard”), completed under Napoleon 1. and the larger Cour Napoleon ("Napoleon Courtyard”) with the Cour du Carrousel to its west, built under Napoleon Ш. The Cour Napoleon and Cour du Carrousel are separated by tbe street known as the Place du Carrousel. The Louvre complex may be divided into the "Old Louvre": die medieval and Renaissance pavilions and wings surrounding the Cour Carrie , as well as the Grande Galcrie extending west along the bank o f the Seine; and the "New Louvre": those 19th-century pavilions and wings extending along the ncrth and south sides o f the Cour Napoleon along with their extensions to the west (north and south o f the Cour du Carrousel) which were originally part o f die Palais des Tuiieries (Tuiieries Palace), burned during tbe Paris Commune in 1871.) xaykaltaroshlik uyg'unlashgan. Dekorida antik dunyo harbiy ramzlari hisoblangan xanjarlar, ikki boshli burgut yoki bo‘ lmasam dafiia yaprog‘idan yasalgan gulchambarlar o‘rin olgan. Bunga sabab, g‘alaba ruxi inshootlarga ko‘chadi. Umuman olganda, ampir uslubi xuddi klassitsizm uslubi kabi orderlar sistemasini birinchi o'ringa chikaradi va dekorida Kadimgi Misr simvolikasidan foydalanadi. Ampir uslubi xaybatli portiklar, baryelefli frontonlar bilan xarakterlidir. Ushbu uslubning asosiy elementlari relyeflardagi burgut, sher, qalqon, bolta, gulchambar, sfmks kabilardir. Yuqorida aytib o'tganimizdek, ampir uslubi Napoleon saroyida vujudga kelgan. Ushbu uslubning bosh me’morlari Shari Persye (Percier, Charles. 1764-1838) va Pyer Fonten (Fontaine, Pierre. 1762- 1853) kabilar hisoblanishgan. Ular imperator Napoleon saroyida xizmat qilishgan. Bu me’morlar tomonidan Parijdan 20 km uzoqda joylashgan Napoleon Bonapart va Jozeflna Bogamening shaxsiy qarorgohi Malmezon qasri qurilgan. Ushbu qasr 1610-yilda qurilgan. Bu uslubning у ana bir muhim jihati unda “Zafar arklari” ga alohida e’tibor qaratilganidir. Ushbu arkalar ma’lum bir jangdagi g‘alaba va zafarlar sharafiga qurilgan. Arkning kapitel va pilyastrlarida Qadimgi Rim va Misr an’analariga xos elementlami ko‘ramiz. Bu kabi arkalaming eng yuqori qismida ko‘pincha Qadimgi Rimning afsonaviy qahramonlari xaykallarini uchratish mumkin. Napoleon Bonapart bu uslubni o‘zi bosib olgan yurtlarga ham tadbiq qilishga harakat qilgan. Ammo bu harakatlar unchalik natija bermagan. Fakatgina birgina ulkan imperiya - Rossiya imperiyasi ampir uslubidan keng miqyosda foydalangan. Bu davrda Rossiyada ko‘plab bino va inshootlar qurilgan. Ampir uslubi shu qadar keng yoyilganki, hattoki tarixga “Rus ampiri” termini kirib kelgan. Ushbu davr va uslubga xos eng mashhur inshootlardan biri me’mor Andrey Voronixin tomonidan qurilgan Kazan soboridir. Sobor Neva prospektiga qaratib qurilgan. Undagi maxobatli ustunlar dunyoni lol qoldirgan. Xullas, ampir uslubi uzok davom etmagan bo‘lsada, ammo san’at asariga teng ishlar qilindi va ular bugungi kungacha dunyo sayyohlarini lol qoldirib kelmoqda431. 431 Histoiy o f Architecture A,D.F.Hamlin. A. M Professor o f the history o f Architecture in the school o f Architecture, COLUMBIA, UNIVERSIRY, 1998 SEVENTH EDITION. P.185(The Arc de Triompbe honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revohitianarv and the Napoleonic Wars, with the names o f all French victories and War I. The Arc de Triomphe is the linchpin o f the Axe historiaue (historic axis) - a sequence o f monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route which m as from the courtyard o f the Louvre to the Grande Arche de la Defense. The 212 1. Klassitsizm me’morchiligi haqida ma’lumot bering. 2. Angliyada klassitsizm davrining me’morchilik qanday namoyon boidi? 3. Klassitsizmning Germaniya davlatida qanday o‘rin egallaydi? 4. Fransiyada klassitsizm uslubi qanday rivojlangan? Versal va Luvr saroylarini tahlil qilib bering. 5. Ampir uslubining asosiy xarakterli jihatlarini sanab o£ting. Glossariy Klassitsizm - memorchilikda Rim va Yunon an’analari bilan birga Italiya uyg‘onish davri unsurlarini ham qoilovchi yo‘nalish.432 Kompozit order - Klassik usullaming bittasi. Unda ayiqtovon bargi bezaklari Korinf va Iona usuli detallarini uchratamiz 433 Ampir uslubi - Birinchi Fransuz imperiyasi davrining neoklassik me’morchilik uslubi (1804-1815). Napoleon davri arxitekturasi434 Jorj memorchiligi - XVIII asrda Buyuk Britaniya va shimoliy Amerika koloniyalarida amalda boigan Jorj I, Joij II, Jorj III nomlari bilan atalgan memoriy uslub. Unda Klassik Uygonish va Barokko belgilarini ko‘ramiz435. Luis XV uslubi - Bu Klassik va Rokoko uslubi boiib 1715-1774 yillarda Fransiyada qirol boigan Luis XV nomi bilan atalgan. Hattoki mebellar rangi va shakl-shamoili binoga moslashtiri Igan436. Manerizm - XVI asrda Italiyada mavjud boigan noan’anaviy uslub. U klassik unsuriami o‘zida aics ettirgan437. Neoioklassitsizm - Yevropa mumtoz memorchiligining oxirgi davri: XVIII-XIX asrlar. Uslublarga qatiy amal qilib xotiralami singdirishga ye’tibor qaratilgan unsurlarini ham qo‘ Uovchi yo‘nalish438. monument was designed by Jean Chalgrin in 1806 and its i against bearded Germanic warriors in chum mail. It set the tone for public monuments with triumphant patriotic messages.) 432 M.Curil. 4,9 M.Curil. 4 " M .C uril. 435 M.Curil. ш M.Curil. 4,7 M.Curil. 435 M.Curil. . The illustrated dictionaiy o f architecture. . The illustrated dictionary o f architecture. L The illustrated dictionary o f architecture. . The illustrated dictionary o f architecture. . The illustrated dictionaiy o f architecture, i. The illustrated dictionary o f architecture. . The illustrated dictionary o f architecture. Nyu York. 2004. P. И 9 Nyu York. 2004. P. 130 N yu York. 2004. P. 195 Nyu York. 2004. P.250 Nyu York. 2004. P.338 Nyu York. 2004. P.346 Nyu York. 2004. P.373 Noiblik uslubi - Rangli neoklassik uslub bo‘lib Angliyada qirol Jorj IV davrida mashhur boigan439. Venetian window, Palladian window, Diocletian window Venetsiya derazasi. Neoklassik usulga xos katta rom . Romlar oralarida ustunlar shiftga tayanch boiadi. O'rtada joylashgan deraza ikki chetidagiga nisbatan kattaroq b oiib bazan arkli ishlangan440.. Foydalaniladigan asosiy darsliklar va o‘quv qoilanm alar 1. M.Curil. The illustrated dictionary of architecture. Nyu York. 2004. 581 r. 2. A World History of architecture. Marian Moffet, Michail W Fario,Lawrence Wodehouse. London . 2003. 3. History o f Architecture A.D.F.Hamlin. A. M. Professor of the history of Architecture in the school of Architecture, COLUMBIA, UNIVERSIRY, 1998 SEVENTH EDITION. 4. A textbook of construction. By Dr. B.C. Punmia. New Delhi. 2005 June. 5. Dostmetova Z. Me’morchilik asoslari. Darslik. - Т.: « 0 ‘qituvchi», 2007. 6. Zohidov P.SH. Me’mor olami. 0 ‘quv qoilanma. - Т.: « 0 ‘qituvchi»,1998. Qo‘shimcha adabiyotlar 1. Ubaydullayev X.M. Turar joy va jamoat binolarini loyihalashtirish tipologik asoslari. Т.: 0 ‘qituvchi, 2009. 2. Бартенев И.А. Форма и конструкции в архитектуре. Л., 1998. 3. Бартенев И.А., Батажкова В.Очерки истории архитектурных стилей. М, 2001. 4. Бунин А.В., Саваренская Т.Ф. История градостроительного искусства. -М., 1999. 5. Килпе Т. Л Основы архитектуры.- М.; Высшая школа, 1999. 6. Тосунова М.И. Архитектурное проектирование.- М.; Высшая школа, 1998. 439 M.Curil. The illustrated dictionary o f architecture. N yu York. 2004. P.449 440 M .C uril The illustrated dictionary o f architecture. Nyu York. 2004. P.564 Yüklə Dostları ilə paylaş:
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