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United Nations
E c o n o m i c &
Manual on
Statistics
of
international
trade
in
services
United Nations
European Commission
International Monetary Fund
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
World Trade Organization
ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/86
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS
STATISTICS DIVISION
S
TATISTICAL
P
APERS
S
ERIES
M N
O
. 86
MANUAL
on STATISTICS of
INTERNATIONAL TRADE in SERVICES
United Nations
European Commission
International Monetary Fund
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and
Development
United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development
World Trade Organization
Geneva, Luxembourg, New York, Paris, Washington, D.C., 2002
NOTE
Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined
with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.
ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/86
International Monetary Fund
Publication Stock No. MSITEA
ISBN 1-58906-128-4
United Nations publication
Sales No. E.02.XVII.11
ISBN 92-1-161448-1
Inquiries should be directed to:
United Nations Publications
DC2-853
New York, NY 10017
e-mail: publications@un.org
Copyright © 2002
United Nations,
European Commission,
International Monetary Fund,
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and
World Trade Organization
All rights reserved
iii
Foreword
The Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services has been developed and published jointly by our six
organizations, managed through the mechanism of an inter-agency task force.
The Manual sets out an internationally agreed framework for the compilation and reporting of statistics of
international trade in services in a broad sense. It addresses the growing needs, including those of international trade
negotiations and agreements, for more detailed, more comparable and more comprehensive statistics on this type of
trade in its various forms. The recommendations, which will be promoted by our six organizations, will enable
countries to progressively expand and structure the information they compile in an internationally comparable way.
The Manual conforms with and explicitly relates to the System of National Accounts 1993 and the fifth edition of the
International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments Manual.
The Manual has benefited from strong cooperation among the international organizations, the advice of specialist
consultants, the invaluable input of a large number of member countries’ experts and the many comments received
during the worldwide review conducted by the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund in 1999-2000. It
is intended for use by national and international agencies, and we commend it to countries for progressive
implementation, taking into account their national information needs, priorities and resources.
Hermann Habermann
Director
United Nations Statistics Division
Yves Franchet
Director General
Statistical Office of the European Communities
Carol S. Carson
Director
Statistics Department
International Monetary Fund
Enrico Giovannini
Chief Statistician and Director of the Statistics Directorate
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Henri Laurencin
Chief Statistician
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Roslyn Jackson
Director of the Statistics Division
World Trade Organization
iv
Contents
Foreword .................................................................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................... vii
List of acronyms......................................................................................................................................................... ix
Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapters
I. Foundations of the Manual: general introduction and overview..................................................... 3
A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3
B. Set of recommended elements for phased implementation ........................................................................... 5
1. Recommended core elements ................................................................................................................. 5
2. Other
recommended
elements ................................................................................................................ 6
C. Shape of the Manual ...................................................................................................................................... 7
II. Conceptual
framework
for the development of statistics on international trade in services.............................. 9
A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 9
B. Need for a statistical framework on international trade in services............................................................... 9
1. Globalization and multilateral services trade negotiations ..................................................................... 9
2. The General Agreement on Trade in Services ...................................................................................... 10
(a) Structure and guiding principles of GATS .................................................................................... 10
(b) The four GATS modes of supply................................................................................................... 11
(c) Services Sectoral Classification list - GNS/W/120 ........................................................................ 12
C. Statistical systems and classifications related to trade in services............................................................... 12
1. International.......................................................................................................................................... 12
(a) System of National Accounts, 1993............................................................................................... 12
(b) Fifth edition of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual.................................................................. 13
(c) Central Product Classification, Version 1.0................................................................................... 13
(d) International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 3.............. 14
(e) International Merchandise Trade Statistics.................................................................................... 14
(f) International migration frameworks and the Recommendations on Statistics of International
Migration ....................................................................................................................................... 14
(g) Tourism Satellite Accounts: Recommended Methodological Framework .................................... 14
2. Other statistical systems and classifications ......................................................................................... 15
(a) Joint OECD-Eurostat Trade in Services Classification.................................................................. 15
(b) OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment......................................................... 15
(c) OECD Manual on Economic Globalisation Indicators .................................................................. 15
D. Approach and framework of the Manual..................................................................................................... 15
1. Statistics on trade in services, labour and investment from BPM5....................................................... 16
(a) Main BPM5 standard services components ................................................................................... 17
(b) Labour-related flows of funds........................................................................................................ 17
(c) Foreign direct investment .............................................................................................................. 17
2. BPM5
extensions .................................................................................................................................. 18
(a) Analysis of balance of payments transactions by origin and destination....................................... 18
(b) Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification ................................................................ 18
3. Foreign affiliates trade in services statistics ......................................................................................... 18
(a) FATS statistics: concepts and classification .................................................................................. 18
(b) FATS statistics and other statistical frameworks ........................................................................... 19
4. Statistical treatment of modes of supply: the simplified approach ....................................................... 20
(a) Simplified statistical criteria .......................................................................................................... 20
(b) Balance of payments statistics by modes of supply ....................................................................... 20
(c) FATS statistics and modes of supply ............................................................................................. 23
(d) Special problems in statistical treatment of mode 4....................................................................... 24
v
(e) Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 25
III. Services Transactions
Between
Residents and Non-residents.......................................................................... 26
A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 26
B. Principles
of
recording................................................................................................................................. 26
1. Concept and definition of residence ..................................................................................................... 26
2. Valuation
of
transactions ...................................................................................................................... 28
3. Other principles relating to the recording of transactions..................................................................... 28
C. EBOPS......................................................................................................................................................... 29
D. Transactions between related parties ........................................................................................................... 33
E. Statistics by trading partner ......................................................................................................................... 34
F. Modes of supply and EBOPS ...................................................................................................................... 34
1. Allocation of modes of supply.............................................................................................................. 34
2. Priorities for allocation to modes of supply.......................................................................................... 35
G. Repairs on goods ......................................................................................................................................... 36
H. Definitions of the components of the Extended Balance of Payments Services classification.................... 36
1. Transportation
services ......................................................................................................................... 36
2. Travel ................................................................................................................................................. 38
3. Communications
services ..................................................................................................................... 40
4. Construction
services............................................................................................................................ 40
5. Insurance
services ................................................................................................................................. 42
6. Financial
services.................................................................................................................................. 43
7. Computer and information services ...................................................................................................... 47
8. Royalties and license fees ..................................................................................................................... 47
9. Other business services......................................................................................................................... 47
10. Personal, cultural and recreational services .......................................................................................... 50
11. Government services, not included elsewhere...................................................................................... 50
I. Alternative aggregations of service and non-service transactions ............................................................... 51
J. Data
collection............................................................................................................................................. 52
K. Summary of recommendations .................................................................................................................... 53
IV. Foreign affiliates trade in
services
statistics ..................................................................................................... 54
A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 54
B. Universe to be covered ................................................................................................................................ 57
1. Ownership
criteria ................................................................................................................................ 57
2. Types
of
producers ............................................................................................................................... 59
C. Time of recording ........................................................................................................................................ 60
D. Statistical
units............................................................................................................................................. 60
E. Attribution of FATS variables ..................................................................................................................... 60
1. By
country ............................................................................................................................................ 60
(a) Inward FATS ................................................................................................................................. 60
(b) Outward FATS............................................................................................................................... 62
(c) Note on the equal ownership of shares by residents of more than one country ............................. 62
2. By activity and by product.................................................................................................................... 62
(a) By activity...................................................................................................................................... 63
(b) By product...................................................................................................................................... 64
F. Economic variables for FATS ..................................................................................................................... 66
1. Sales (turnover) and/or output .............................................................................................................. 66
2. Employment.......................................................................................................................................... 68
3. Value
added .......................................................................................................................................... 68
4. Exports and imports of goods and services........................................................................................... 69
5. Number of enterprises........................................................................................................................... 69
6. Other
variables...................................................................................................................................... 70
G. Compilation
issues....................................................................................................................................... 70
H. Summary of recommendations .................................................................................................................... 71
vi
Boxes
1. Services
definition ......................................................................................................................................... 7
2. International trade in services........................................................................................................................ 8
3. Example of the measurement of construction services................................................................................ 41
4. Estimation of insurance service charges...................................................................................................... 44
5. Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) ................................................................. 46
6. Merchanting
services................................................................................................................................... 48
7. Measuring foreign direct investment ........................................................................................................... 55
8. Immediate and ultimate investors................................................................................................................ 61
Charts
1. The four modes of supply: statistical criteria............................................................................................... 22
2. Synthetic viewof modes of supply............................................................................................................... 23
Tables
1. Statistical coverage of modes of supply ...................................................................................................... 24
2. Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification, including memorandum items ............................ 30
3. ISIC Categories for Foreign Affiliates (ICFA)............................................................................................ 64
4. Sample formats for FATS statistics............................................................................................................. 67
Annexes
I. Movement of natural persons supplying services under GATS ......................................................................... 73
II. Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification..................................................................................... 81
III. EBOPS - CPC, Version 1.0 - GNS/W/120 correspondence tables..................................................................... 85
Table A.III.1. EBOPS – CPC, Version 1.0 – GNS/W/120 correspondence...................................................... 86
Table A.III.2. GNS/W/120 – CPC, Version 1.0 – EBOPS correspondence.................................................... 124
IV. ICFA-EBOPS Correspondence Tables............................................................................................................. 150
Table A.IV.1. Correspondence between ICFA and EBOPS ........................................................................... 151
Table A.IV.2. Correspondence between EBOPS and ICFA ........................................................................... 155
V. Extract from the General Agreement on Trade in Services.............................................................................. 160
VI. Services Sectoral Classification List - GNS/W/120 ......................................................................................... 161
VII. The Manual and tourism satellite accounts ...................................................................................................... 167
Glossary .................................................................................................................................................................. 170
Bibliography............................................................................................................................................................ 172
Index........................................................................................................................................................................ 174
vii
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