Mavzu: Literary types Plan

mavzu: Literary types

Plan

1. 
   The role and importance of literary types and genres in the art of speech. About literary types and genres in "Poetics" of Aristotle .
   

2. are divided into epos, lyrics, and drama types according to the reality of life and the embodiment of human image. The division of each type into genres.

   
   

3. Writing epics, lyrics, dramas in poetry or prose.

   
   

4. folklore and written literature . .

   
   

Three types have been discovered in the art of speech. All these three types are characteristic of the creativity of the human mind . They are the result of long researches on describing the human world in words and creating a vivid image .

this discovery of human thought on solid ground , Aristotle (384-322 AD) in his work "Poetics" divided the works of speech into three types - epic , lyric, interprets the drama.
"Ep o s" sums up the genres of novel, short story, story, "lyric" ghazal, tuyuq, rub o iy , " drama " comedy , tragedy , drama. That is, these literary types will be composed of such parts . Such elements that make up an epic , a lyric, a drama are referred to as " genre ".
Literary types differ from each other, first of all, according to the way of embodying reality . If the epic works often give the impression of showing past events , the lyrical works give the impression of embodying the events that took place in the past . creates. In drama works, the events seem to be happening right now .
To some extent , the characteristics of an epic are also present in a lyrical work or in a comedy , drama, or tragedy . Or lyrical features are present in novels , short stories, stories or dramas . The qualities of drama are also seen in epics and lyrics . Because literary genres are closely related to each other and are considered a common phenomenon . Both the subject and the object of their images are human beings . Genres belonging to literary types embody this object in different forms, such as
is widely believed that an epic ( novel , short story, story) embodies reality , lyrics embody a person 's mental state and experience, and drama embodies a person 's character . A book , a short story, a story shows the mental state and experiences of a person. Certain events are described in the literary works . Drama works also reflect the mood of the hero , the process of feelings in his heart .
Of course, there are significant differences between epic, lyric, and drama . If the epic is written in a manner close to spoken speech , the lyrics are based on elements such as verse , rhyme , type , drama , dialogue , and monologues .
"Genre" is a French word meaning "type", " sex " . This term was first used as a term of art and literature in France in the 16th century . Literary genre is the composition of the works , the ways of description , the means , the methods of description , the scope of the reduction of properties. Genre is a changing , evolving phenomenon . At the same time, it is a social , cultural,

educational development , it is a unique image that can be lost .

The term "epic" refers to contemporary prose works . Genres such as novel, short story, parable, fairy tale are works belonging to the epic type . Ep o s yun o ncha e r o § is a word, "word", "speech " . » , means "story" . This term is used in both broad and narrow sense . In the epic sense , it is a work of art . It is clear from this that a work written in a lyrical way can also be an epic . The form and methods of describing the events in the epic , where the narration of events is a priority, have changed and enriched with the passage of time . In ancient epics , events are expressed in the past tense , while modern novels , short stories, stories begin in the present or past tense , and are also present . It is done in the same way or in a different way . Epic works open up new possibilities not only in terms of reflecting events, but also with deep analysis of the human spiritual world .
the epic sense , they are large-scale works belonging to folk art . Friends of the Uzbek people is also an epic work . The theme of the folk epic is divided into several types according to the analysis of the events. For example : heroic epic , historical epic , romantic epic , war drama and others . These works have a wide range of subjects and are rich in dramatic events . In the folk epic , real reality is mixed with artistic texture, imaginary imagination , mythological vision .
genres belonging to the epic type, it is the calmest novel . Roman genre of the 19th century freed from its ends , it became a literary criterion that determines the position of national literature . Roman is a French word. Works written in Roman languages are described as such . Later , the works created in the same languages, with a large volume and based on a large subject , were also called novels . For example , works such as "Tristan and Isolde " , "Satirik o n" are called novels , because the lives and adventures of many heroes are described in these works . B o kkachch o ning
"D e kam e r o n " stories of dozens of heroes are narrated. This work, which consists of stories , is called " novel " because it is a multi - faceted subject . In the 12th - 13th centuries, short stories written in French, Italian, Portuguese - in general, Romanian languages - were also called " Romance " .
This proves that the novel is a genre that appeared on the basis of narration . The introduction of a multi-faceted subject characteristic of a folk epic into the story was the basis for the formation of the novel genre . Because the scope of the novel originally existed in the friends of the people . In other words , the adventures of the heroes are described in detail and on a wide scale in folk tales . This characteristic of the folk epic was the basis for the formation of the novel genre . In the early works of the novel , the adventures of the heroes and the narration of the hero 's story took the main place . For example, "Don Quixote" by Servantes and " Robinson Cruz " by Daniel Defoe describe the adventures and journeys of heroes .
early novels , as in folk epics, the protagonists ' past - their forgiveness took the main place . The desire to show the spiritual world, mood, and experiences of a person appeared later . It first appeared in Hugo, Russ o r o man.
Historical novels have always been a priority for real events . This feature is evident in the historical novels of authors such as Walter Scott and Victor Hugo .

19. second half of the century , the novel genre began to rise in European literature . The novels of writers such as St endal , Balzac, and Dickens became a major event in cultural life. Fl o b e r, M o passan 's novels on family - domestic topics have become the most popular works of readers . The novel genre has risen to a truly high level in Russian literature. Novels such as " Yevgeny Onegin " by A. Pushkin, " Hero of Our Time " by M. Lermontov , " Fathers and Children " by I. Turgenev It was remarkable in terms of clearly showing the complexity of human nature and human behavior .

    
    

works of F. Dostoyevsky occupy a special place in the height of the novel genre . The writer's works "The Brothers Karamazov", "The Humiliated and the Insulted", "Demon Awakening and Punishment", "Telba" delicately show the changes of the human heart with all their complexities . In terms of achievement , the humanistic nature of literature has become brighter .

novels "War and Peace", "Resurrection", "Anna Karenina " by the Russian writer LT Olstoy , the events of life are shown on a wide scale, and the lifestyle and worldview of the people of the time are truly illuminated . it was done .
In general , the development of romance in the world literature of the 20th century was particularly strongly influenced by the works of F. Dostoyevsky , as well as L. Tolstoy . In particular, the Japanese writer Kendzabur o Oe : " If I talk about my writing path, I must admit that I want to show life and illuminate the inner world of a person by Dostoyevsky and T. I learned from the old works . I read the novel " The Brothers Karamazov " twelve times . " I read Anna Karenina several times , " he said
for the novel genre , which was formed in European literature and became a significant literary phenomenon, has increased in all national literatures by the 20th century . 19th century in Arabic, Japanese and Indian literature the first novels appeared at the end . The famous enlightener Ismail Gaspirali (1851-1914) also wrote a novel called " The World of Muslims " , which was published on January 25, 1887 in the " Tarjum " newspaper . sila started .
The novel genre has attracted the attention of artists of all nations with its ability to reflect a wide view of life . In the East , the novels of such writers as the Arab writer Jurji Zaidon and the Indian thinker Robindranath Thakur were especially popular . In their works, the everyday life of people is embodied in the social reality . In the novels of Robindranath Thakur , the people are oppressed under the oppression of the colonialists . It is important to show the situation .
Abdulla Qadiri, who started the Uzbek government , was well acquainted with Jurji Zayd 's works . Uzbek writers like Hamza , Mirmuhsin SHermuhamedov also tried to create novels . Hamza "What is the result of poverty ? " (1914) "Yangi sa o dat" (1915), Mirmuhsin SH e rmuham e d o v " B e farzand O childib o y" (1914) wrote the works as " roman " . In fact, they were large prose works.

19. In the 19th century , the position of the novel genre rose dramatically . Creating a novel has become the goal of writers . In particular, in Uzbek literature, more than two books were written from Abdullah Qadiri 's " Bygone Days" to the 1990s .

    
    

The theme of novels is divided into several types according to the scope of the events covered . Including: historical novel , philosophical novel, fantastic novel , adventure novel , socio - political novel , autobiographical novel , etc. In a historical novel , a large space may be given to the analysis of historical events or to the analysis of social and political events in an autobiographical novel . Therefore , it is relative to divide the novels into groups according to the subject.

dilogy , trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy . The works in which the lives of the heroes are presented in two books are called dilogy , the works in three books are called trilogy, if they consist of four books, they are called tetralogy, and if they consist of five books, they are called pentalogy. If Oybek's novels "Kutlug' blood" and "Ulug' yol" are considered dilogies , "Childhood" by M. Gorky,
"At the Service of People", "My Universities", Said Ahmed's "Forty-Five Days", "Days of Hijran", "On the Threshold of the Horizon" trilogy, works by L. Tolstoy
"War and Peace", "Peaceful Don" by M. Sh . Lokhov, "Life of Qiim Samgin" by M. Gorky are a tetralogy. A. Dumas's "Three muskets and tyor ",
"Twenty Years Later", two parts "Ten Years Later or Vic o nt de Brajelon",
The works of "Temir Niqab" are called pentalogy because they consist of five books. The works "War and Peace" (LT o lstoy), "Tinch Don" (M. Sholokhov), ten-volume "Jean Christophe" (R. Rolland) are also called epic novels.
P o vest is a work with a narrower scope than a novel. That's why V. Belinsky says, "The story is also a novel, only in a small size, and the size of the work is determined by the size and essence of the content." The story is called "short story" in Uzbek literary studies . The story shows the most important events in the life of one or two characters, and the main focus is on revealing the character of the main character. The main character unites all the events of the plot as a single center . Abdullah Qahh 's place
All events in the story "Sinchalak" are connected with the activities of the main character - Saida. In Sadriddin Aini's short story "The Death of a Usurer", Ismat Qori - Qori Ishkamba appears as the central character of all the events in the work. In the short stories "Jamila", "Farewell, Gulsari ", "White Ship", Chingiz Aytmat shows Jamila, Tanaboy, Bola as the main characters and shows a vivid picture of life.
The short story genre has existed in Eastern literature since ancient times. Most of them are devoted to religious beliefs. The stories " Chor Darv esh", " Ibr ohim Adham", especially the famous work " Qissasul Anbiyya " by Nasiruddin Rabghozi, are based on the life of the prophets mentioned in theological books . it is closed.
Chingiz Aytmat 's "Okkema " , "Alvid Gulsari " , Vasil Bik 's
The stories " If it's safe until dawn " , " The sign of trouble ", "Live and remember" by Valentin Rasputin are on a par with the famous novels of the 20th century with their vivid depiction of life events and the world of people . . Gabriel García Márquez , a Colombian writer and winner of the Nobel Prize , " The Story of Open Murder "
The stories " No one writes a letter to the colonel" have also gained fame at the same level as his novel " One Hundred Years of Solitude " . After all, life is clearly embodied in these stories. They are as impressive as large- scale works .
is the basis for the formation of the novel genre , differs from the short story in that it tells a small story and shows the world of one hero in this story . The story reflects the character's inner image and behavior through a specific situation and event . The story is also told as a novel . "N o v e lla " is an Italian word meaning " new " . The story is a separate genre , the novel is not a separate genre. Abdullah Qahh 's place
"Be m o r ", " Thief ", "An o r" works can be considered both as a story and as a novel . A certain episode of the hero's life is embodied in the story . There is no certainty about his past or future fate . Because the story is based on brevity. The slow construction of sentences in Abdulla Qahhor 's stories " Bemor " and " Anor " also reveals this nature of the genre.
There are many characters in a novel , a few in a short story, and one or two people in a story . His character is embodied in the scene of a certain event . " Thief ", "B e m o r " , "An o r" are works that clearly and impressively show the situation of poor and weak people . The heroes of these three stories are united by poverty and poverty . Poverty crushed both Cain 's father and his father, and left him in a weak and crippled state . The heroes of " Thief ", " Bemor " , " Anor " , who appeared in the land of poverty , left their worldview .
The writer does not comment and describe the situation of his characters one by one. It creates a basis for drawing broad conclusions by embodying a clear , concise picture of a characteristic event . "Kalila and Dimna", by Sheikh Sa'di
The works "Gulist o n" and "Bost o n " are considered to be perfect examples of storytelling in Eastern literature . Sharq draws attention to the freshness of the story with the impressiveness of the events, the sharpness of the conflicts , and the richness of extraordinary philosophical considerations .
Gi d e M o passan (1850-1893), St e fan Siv e yg (1881-1942), Anat o l France (1844-1924), Ivan Turg e n e v (1818-1883), O . Stories by European writers such as Henry ( 1862-1910 ) are also popular. The most advanced aspects of world literature are embodied in the stories created in Japanese literature . They pay full attention to conveying unexpected , extraordinary events and showing the subtle aspects of human nature .
Most of the works in Uzbek storytelling are based on the reality of everyday life . In them , events that exist in the environment , in which people are directly or indirectly involved , are reported . In the stories of writers such as Abdulla Qahhor , Abdulla Qodiry , Cholpon , Gafur Gholom , Said Ahmed, Shukur Kholmirzaiev , O'tkir Hoshimov , O ' In short prose works of writers such as lmas Umarbekov , Uchkun Nazarov , Murod Muhamma Dost , Erkin Azamov , Khairiddin Sultanov , real life events are interestingly narrated. In important examples of world literature , for example , Japanese
writers , events that have not come to the reader 's imagination and can be news for him are described.
An essay is considered a genre belonging to the epic type , just like a story, a short story, a novel . Och erk is derived from the Russian word , which means " to depict" . While the main place of artistic texture is in the story , the poem differs from it in that it is based on documentary . In the poem , the author informs about events that actually happened, that he observed, knew, heard, and clearly based events . An essay clearly shows certain problems of life more than a story, a short story, a novel . Draws everyone's attention to the current situation . It is not enough to simply report on the events that exist in the world . In the works of this genre , the events, characters ' appearance, appearance, their situations, and their experiences are embodied artistically . Therefore , the poem is considered a genre of realist artistic prose .
The pamphlet is also considered one of the genres belonging to the epic type. Pamphlet is an English word meaning "sheet in hand " . The works of this genre are mostly based on exposing and criticizing a specific social phenomenon . During the rule of the Soviet , writers wrote pamphlets criticizing capitalism , a system based on private property . The purpose of this was to make the social structure of capitalist countries look bad . In the countries where private property dominates , people become slaves to money, human kindness and compassion disappear, and money and wealth are considered the power that decides everything - this is extremely harmful for humanity. M. Gorky _
In the pamphlet "The City of the Yellow Devil" he showed the flaws in American life. He calls money, wealth , gold "yellow; called the devil.
F e leton, like the pamphlet, is a genre belonging to the epic type, which is based more on criticism. Féleton is a French word meaning "leaflet " . This word was first used in France in 1800 . At that time, additional separate leaflets were published by gas stations with fashions , theater schedules, and announcements.
"Feleton" was held . Some advertisements and announcements were not published in a separate sheet, but in one corner of the newspaper pages, and that column of the newspaper was called "Feleton" . A feleton differs from a pamphlet in that it is dedicated to a specific event , in which the activities of specific people are covered on the basis of evidence . Féletons can be both positive and negative-humorous, critical . At one time , negative-humorous and critical feuilletons are written more often . Writers such as Abdulla Qadiri, Abdulla Qahhor , Gafur Gulom , Said Ahmad created interesting feuilletons on various topics.
Lyrical works, like prose and dramatic works, are divided into groups according to the topic and style: intimate lyrics, journalistic lyrics, comic lyrics. Before commenting on them, it is permissible to dwell on the term "lyrics " . Lyrica is a Greek word meaning "singing to the accompaniment of the lyre " . And the lyre is a long instrument .
Intimate lyrics are an expression of personal experiences, most of human experiences are the search for a loyal friend, companion . Everyone is always in need of a true companion. Intimate lyrics express this situation . A person can fall into different moods. His hard, painful, and happy state in this state is connected with being close to someone, being offended by someone . Buy it _
Navoi's "Yesterday is like a d e b o n...", B o bor's " Charkhnyng m e n sakhan ...", Gafur Gul o m 's "S o ginish", Abdulla Oripov 's poems about love and romance are examples of intimate lyrics .
Journalistic lyrics appear on the basis of reporting on the socio - political events of life . Attracting people's attention to the important issues of life is the essence of journalistic lyrics . Gafur Gul o 's
" You are not my age " , Hamid Olimj o n 's "Look at your hand o l», of Zulfia
"My son, there will be no end to the war" poems are publicist poems . In such poems , the tones of call and invitation are important . In journalistic poems, a certain socio -political situation , problem is emphasized .
comic lyrical works, shortcomings and defects in marriage and human behavior are reported . Their main goal is to encourage them to get rid of vices . Criticism of shortcomings in people 's behavior has been one of the main themes of literature since ancient times . In the work of Uzbek poets such as Alisher Navoi , Turdi , Gulkhani , Makhmur , Muqimi, poetic works that sharply criticize vices such as pride and arrogance occupy a special place. Alisher Navoi mocks the selfish, self-interested sheikhs, Turdi, Gulkhani , Makhmur , Muqimi Tamagir , who are not shy of humiliating the poor, and the ugly places of the amald ottar who wear the mask of religion .
the " Structure of the City " section , it was discussed about the division of lyrical works into genres according to their form, size, and style of expression. The lyrical type has fragmentary forms such as ghazal, rub o iy , tuyuq, aq , free, sarbast poem . Song , song dirge , alla, translation, composition, ballad are also genres belonging to the lyrical type .
sonnet genre , which is widespread in European literature, was first formed in Italy in the 13th century. Son e t is an Italian word that means " bright white " . The sonnet consists of fourteen verses . Sonnets rhyme as o san abba - abba - vvg - dgd . Other forms of rhyming sonnets are also found. The first part of the sonnet should be two quatrains (that is, eight lines), and the second part should be two triplets (that is , six lines ) . The first part is called katr e n, the second part is called t e rset d e b. In the first paragraph of the sonnet, the idea should develop , and in the second paragraph, this idea should end with a certain conclusion . A poetic collection consisting of fifteen sonnets is called a " garland of sonnets " . _ In this case , the second sonnet starts from the first verse of the first sonnet , the third sonnet begins from the last verse of the second sonnet , and so on . The last of the bouquet of sonnets - the fifteenth sonnet - is called the main one . It consists of the first lines of fourteen sonnets .
Italian poet Dante Alighieri ( 1265-1321 ) , Francesco Petrarca ( 1304-1374 ), English poet William Shakespeare ( 1564-1616) and representatives of the literature of the European peoples created works . o n e t s are special. It can be said that the ghazal plays an important role in the work of Eastern poets , but it does not play such a role in the work of European poets . A. Pushkin, M. L e rm o n t o v, A. F e t. This is evidenced by the fact that Russian poets such as A. Blok , V. Brusov , A. Akhmatov wrote many sonnets . Uzbek poets such as Osman Nasser , Maqsud Shaykhzoda , Barot Boybilov also wrote sonnets . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ This poetic form is a feeling for poets -
of the unique ways of expressing one 's experiences with enthusiasm . Osman Nasir 's song " My husband , you are fine again ..." is clearly an expression of passionate feelings.
The song is one of the oldest genres of the lyrical type. Perhaps , the folk artistic work started from the song . Because the song has words, music, and dance moves. The song has been a companion of people since time immemorial . Because it was performed at weddings , mourning , holidays, and when doing some work . People 's joys and sorrows found their expression in the songs . According to the themes of songs that are the basis of literature , labor songs, seasonal songs, ceremonial songs, alla , sevgi - love songs, heroism - patriotism are divided into types such as songs.
Terms are one of the most common types of Uzbek folk songs .
Songs in which the lyrical mood prevails are performed in many musical styles .
Marcia is a poetic genre written in sympathy with the death of someone . Alisher Navoi also mourned the death of his teacher Abdurakhmon Jami , expressing his sadness . When Alisher Navoi died , the historian Khanhamir and Mavlon Sohib Doro wrote dirges . _ _ _ _ _ _ Abdulla Oripov 's poem "Alvid o , ust oz " based on Gafur Gul 's poem is also a dirge .
Yor - yor, lapar, which is performed in wedding mar o sims, is also one of the neighboring types . Yor -yor songs are an ancient song that is performed at marriage ceremonies and during the ceremony of following girls to the groom's family . This song reflects the national traditions and customs of the people in its own way.
Lapars are songs that a girl and a boy sing to each other as a way of expressing their feelings . There is also an appearance in which it is performed in a combination of dance moves . This type of song attracts attention with its melodiousness and cheerfulness . _
is the expression of God's wishes , advices , dreams and hopes for his children. It is reflected that the gods are hard and treasured . People who listen to Allah and tell Allah are polite and kind to people . God grows the seed of love in the hearts of children .
In the literature of the peoples of the East , the poem is considered a lyrical genre . Works belonging to this poetry genre are often written for famous people. Their virtues are praised. The Uzbek poet Sakkoki wrote four poems in honor of Mirz Ulugbek . He also wrote four odes to Arslan Khoja Tarkhon . Sakkoki also dedicated one qasada to Khalil Sultan and Khoja Muhammad Pors . _ _ _ _ Alish e r Nav o iyning
"Hil o liya" is an ode he dedicated to Husayn Boykar . According to the structure of the poem, it has its own order . It begins with an introduction . It is called " nasib " or "taghabih " . After the fate, the poet goes on to describe the qualities of his hero . This is basically in the spirit of praise and honoring . The odes created by many poets are based on the order of rhyme , just like the ghazal . All national literatures have a genre that is close to the ode in Eastern literature in certain respects.
Oda , which is widely spread in European literature , is similar to an ode . O is a Greek word meaning " song " . Oda , like a qasida, is dedicated to honoring a person or glorifying an event . They also praise patriotism, heroism , and generosity . In the same spirit of praise , there will be mourning and rejoicing .
Tarji'band East. It is one of the major poetry genres in the world. Each paragraph of the translation consists of fourteen-sixteen verses , each of which is composed of eleven-eleven paragraphs with relative independence . The verses of the translation are rhymed in ghazal style (aa, ba, va, ga...). The last two lines of each stanza are sung independently, and this stanza is repeated in the same verse at the end of all stanzas . Artists such as Alisher Navoi , Nodira have beautiful examples of translation . _ _
Tarqibband is also similar to tarji'band with its large size and rhyming style similar to ghazal. It differs from a single translation in that the last stanza of the first stanza is not repeated at the end of each stanza . The last stanza of each clause of the clause, which is made up of independent clauses just like a translation , rhymes differently .
The term " lyric - epic" is used in studies. Friends , poems , ballads _ _ _
- a wide variety of genres are used. Because in the works of these genres, life events are shown more widely than ghazal, tuyuq, rub o iy , and a certain event is described in them. A friend , a poem , a ballad is similar to a long work in the way of telling a known reality in the same way as a novel , short story , story, the author has a wide range of expression of his experiences and feelings . as soon as it takes place , it leaves an impression like a lyrical work . This feature of friend , poem , ballad also shows that literary genres are a whole phenomenon, and it is impossible to look at them in a narrow way .
The terms "friend" and " poem " are often used interchangeably in Uzbek literature . This is not quite true . Because friends are written in Masnavi , they also contain prose passages. Poem is a Greek word that means " to create " .
The bravery of the legendary heroes is told in the first friends . In the written literature , the narration of certain events also takes place in the plays . Both the " Khamsa" friends and Hamid Olimjon 's " Zainab and Oman" talk about the adventures and experiences of certain characters . Poems in the written literature of the 20th century are much smaller in size than " Khamsa " poems . Homer 's " Iliad " and " Essay " and Dante 's " Theological Comedy " are also presented as poems . _ They are also A. Pushkin's "Gypsies",
" Who lives well in Russia ?" by N. Nekrasov much larger in size than p o emas. This difference proves that all genres vary in terms of shape, appearance, size, and this is an objective phenomenon .
Ballade is an Italian word meaning "to dance " . A song similar to an Uzb e kcha yalla sung before dancing is called a ballad . In the Middle Ages , lapars, which were spoken collectively, were also called "ballads" in French, Spanish, and Italian literature . This ballad genre is originally folk
it shows that it appeared in the oral work . The difference between a ballad and a poem is that it describes the most dramatic situation in the hero 's life without detailing each event from beginning to end . In the ballad " Tears of Roksana " , Hamid Olimzhan does not consistently describe the fate of his hero . SH oir 's ballad "Warrior Tursun" also describes his state of fear on the battlefield. In both of SH oir 's ballads , the transition of the heroes from one mental state to another, and the dramatic changes in their actions and activities, are embodied.
All works belonging to the drama genre are based on showing the behavior and mental state of the characters . The word drama is a Greek word, it
" movement " means gan . _ In works belonging to the drama genre , changes in the mood and views of the characters are reflected in their dialogue and dialogue . These dialogues and monologues are similar to works belonging to the epic type in that they embody a certain event in detail, and to lyrical works in that the events are communicated only through the speech of the heroes . The works belonging to the drama type are defined as the highest peak of the art of words because they embody qualities characteristic of two types of artistic reflection of life .
In epic and lyrical works, the author's statement has a special place . In them , the author expresses his attitude to the event both through lyrical expressions and through the description of the state of the heroes . In works belonging to the drama genre, there is no author's speech or author's statement. Events are known only through the speech of characters - their dialogue and monology . _ _ Drama is defined as the highest type of verbal art , the crown of art, because of the complete embodiment of a certain view of life in this way .
Another characteristic of drama works is their performance on stage . Works of this type gain full impact only when they are performed on stage . It is not known exactly in which folk culture the drama first appeared as a stage art . Because the high example of drama art, as the most popular form of art, has existed in the culture of all nations since ancient times . However, it had different forms and appearances. In the East , the buffoons and clowns are actually considered a unique drama . Abdulla Qadiri 's novel "The Scorpion from the Altar " in the chapter "Interests" shows the muqallid, i.e., the wide field of imitators , showing interest in the open spaces . will be known. The roofs shown by the stake holders are also a unique aspect of the drama .
golden age of art " , there is an element of artificiality in them . For example, an actor performs a role on the stage , that is, plays a role . He pretends to be different people . This phenomenon itself shows that drama is a synthetic art rather than epic and lyric . Of course, art is interesting in that it shows life through symbols , exaggerates it more than it actually is, and embodies it in a more impressive way. This aspect of art is especially evident in dramatic works .
Padarkush " by Makhmudhoja Behbudi (1875-1919 ) is considered the first drama in Uzbek literature . Although this drama was written in 1911, originally
In 1912, it was published in " Turon" newspaper , and in 1913 , it was printed in the whale book . The authorities of the Soviet government opposed the publication of the drama . In order to cross - censor " Paharkush", the author wrote on the cover of the book in Russian "To the anniversary of the liberation of Russia from the French dictatorship and the memory of the famous Borodin War " d e b had to write.
In the works of drama, the struggle of contradictions in the inner world of a person is more intense than in epics and lyrics . This happens because the actor plays a role on the stage . In the works of drama, as well as in novels , short stories, stories, friendships , ballads, the conflict between people and the inner world of a person is shown . The opposition in the human heart is referred to as "internal collision" in studies .
Works belonging to the drama type are also divided into genres depending on the chosen topic and its coverage. These are the genres : drama, comedy , and tragedy . They have certain commonalities and certain characteristics . For example, in a tragedy where the main role is to show the tragedy , there are funny situations similar to a comedy , or in works of the drama genre, characters die, divorces , murders, etc. o can be burned.
Genres belonging to the type of drama are also kept p e sa d e b. P e sa is a French word meaning "whole", "share " . P e sa is a general term for drama , comedy , and tragedy .
Drama is a Greek word meaning "action " . The first works belonging to this genre were initially performed in various folk festivals . Folk festivals contributed to the emergence of the drama genre . In ancient times in India , China , and Greece, stage performances have been shown on tapes . The first appearances of modern drama works were formed in Yevropa . In these countries, stage art flourished , especially during the Renaissance . The dramas of writers such as V. SH e xpir (1564-1616), L o n e d e V e g a ( 1562-1635 ) gained wide fame .
works of the drama genre, the characteristics of comedy and tragedy are summarized in their own way . Because in it , events based on serious conflict are shown by embodying both funny and tragic situations of the heroes . In general, drama works are based on the depiction of the struggle between positive and negative forces . Hamza 's "Secrets of Paranji ", Uygun and Izzat Sultan's drama " Alish er Navoi" also embody the conflict between the characters in accordance with the reality of life.
K o m e dia is a Greek word. In the works belonging to this genre, the events are shown in the funny actions and actions of the heroes . The main feature of comedy is to portray certain life events in a funny way . People 's audience is considered the first basis for the success of comedy . _ At the festivals of Eastern nations, including the Uzbek people , fans and connoisseurs performed various funny spectacles . Those funny scenes are a unique form of comedy . _ The ancient Greeks also showed various funny scenes in their lives .
Aristotle , who lived in Greece in the 5th-4th centuries BC
" Chavan-dozlar " , "Bulutlar", "Frogs" are the first high comedy
examples are listed. "Night of T o l e d o " by L o n e d e V e g , by V. SH e xpir
" The Pouring of the Maiden ", Karl O'Gotz 's "Turand " , Jean - Baptiste Molyer
" Don Juan" , " Seville Barber " by Pierre Bomarsh , " The Chubby Boy " by Fonfuzin , " The Ball of Intelligence " by A. Griboyedov , Comedies such as N. Gogol 's " R e viz o r" and A. Ostrovsky 's " Koynidan Tokilsa Konjiga " are interestingly and humorously embodying the serious problems of life . Hamza's work "Maysara's work" also attracts attention by showing the reality of existing life in funny situations.
In tragedy , it is essential to show sharp, irreconcilable conflicts, reflect the tragedies in the fate of the heroes , and philosophically analyze the important social - political, spiritual-ethical problems of life . takes place. The reason why this genre is called " tragedy - goat song " is related to the first appearance of such works in ancient Greece . In the past, in this country, goats were sacrificed and festivals were held in honor of Dionis , the god of fields , horticulture and cattle . The folk song performed on these holidays is called "trag e diya - goat song" . Later on , the scene of the goat sacrifice in honor of Dionysus was played in the first appearance of the wet - washed spectacles during the holidays . In this way , the stage play where the embodiment of life's tragedies took the main place is called " tragedy " . Wise artists of ancient times , such as Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , created high examples of tragedy . In their works , the complexities of human fate, the complexities of people's behavior with all their contradictions are impressively reflected.

tragedies in poetic form since ancient times. Therefore, both the works of S. o . Fockle and Shakespeare's tragedies were written mainly in poetry, with some prose pieces mixed in. In tragedies , it has become a practice to embody the lives of upper class members. With this , it was emphasized that the wrong actions of the ruling classes bring tragedy to the nation and the country. Tragedies have always attracted everyone's attention due to this aspect . Tragedy has been the unique zone of determining the position of literature in Europe until the 19th century, that is, when the genre of the novel reached a high position . The first tragedies show an uncompromising struggle between gods , divine forces , and mythological heroes . In the works of V. Sh. Ekspir ( 1564-1616), J. Rasin (1639-1699), and Voltaire ( 1694-1778 ) , events in the life of high - class people were embodied. A. Pushkin's (1799-1837 ) work " Boris Godunov " is one of the first tragedies in Russian literature . Abdurauf Fitrat's work "Abulfayzkhon " ( 1924 ) is considered the first tragedy in Uzbek literature . In Maqsud Shaykhz 's work " Mirz o Ulughbek " the tragedy of the period is shown through the scene of the uncompromising struggle between the Moorish rulers . Although tragedy plays a major role , it can also have comedy - like scenes . In the work "Temir Khotin " by Sharof Boshbekov , the painful life of a village white woman is embodied through funny events . The fact that women and girls , whose whole lives are dependent on field work, can not cope with the hard work is revealed in interesting situations . That is why " Temir Khotin " is called a tragic comedy . It can be said that if the priority of funny ,

interesting reflection of fakeness is taken into account . Tragic poetry is not an independent literary genre. It is the unique appearance of the tragedy itself . In tragic media , very serious spiritual, moral and political issues of social life are shown through funny events . The fact that tragedy is typical in drama , the presence of funny events in tragedy as well as in comedy shows that all literary genres are a common phenomenon .