f
ν
λ
=
v
=velocity of light=3
×
10
8
m/sec
f
=frequency (Hz)
λ
=wavelength (m)
Prof. Murat Torlak
Example: Determine the difference in wavelegth of two
optical signals separated by 2 GHz and centered at 1500
nm.
f=c/
λ
=200,000 GHz
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
λ
=wavelength (m)
Fiber Connectors
Fiber Connectors
A
fiber optic splice
establishes an optical connection
between two individual optical fibers.
It may be required to fix broken fiber connection or to tap
the fiber for additional connections
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
SONET
SONET
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) is a US standard for
the internal operation of telephone company optical
networks.
It is closely related to a system called SDH (Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy) adopted by the CCITT (now the ITU-T) as
a recommendation for the internal operation of carrier
(PTT) optical networks worldwide.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
(PTT) optical networks worldwide.
Despite the name SONET is not an optical networking
system. It is an electronic networking system designed to
use optical link connections.
Importance of SONET
Importance of SONET
SONET and SDH are of immense importance for two reasons:
They offer vast cost savings in public communications networks
by redefining the system of channel multiplexing. This is
achieved through time division multiplexing of user data channels
throughout the network. SONET/SDH offers a significantly better
method of doing this.
Management of the cable plant. Within a typical telephone
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
Management of the cable plant. Within a typical telephone
company there are many end-user service offerings. Each of
these is a network in its own rite (including and especially the
telephone network). Each of these networks needs link
connections of various speeds connecting nodes (central offices)
at arbitrary points around the country. However the company
wants to manage and share its cable plant as a single entity.
SONET Protocol Structure
SONET Protocol Structure
The basic structure in SONET is a frame of 810 bytes which
is sent every 125 µsec. This allows a single byte within a
frame to be part of a 64 kbps digital voice channel. Since
the minimum frame size is 810 bytes then the minimum
speed at which SONET will operate is 51.84 megabits per
second.
810 bytes × 8000 frames/sec × 8 (bits) = 51.84 megabits/sec.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
810 bytes × 8000 frames/sec × 8 (bits) = 51.84 megabits/sec.
This basic frame is called the Synchronous Transport Signal
level 1 (STS-1), which is an electrical signal.
The diagrammatic representation of the frame as a square
is done for ease of understanding. The 810 bytes are
transmitted row by row starting from the top left of
the diagram. One frame is transmitted every 125
µ
sec.
Sonet STS-1 Frame Structure.
Optical Carrier (OC) Levels
Optical Carrier (OC) Levels
SONET defines optical carrier (OC) levels and electrically
equivalent synchronous transport signals (STSs) for the
fiber-optic–based transmission hierarchy.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
The SDH (ITU standard) refers to synchronous transfer module-n (STM-n) signals.
SONET RINGS
SONET RINGS
In long distance wide area applications, SONET networks
may (and usually are) installed using a traditional nodal
network structure.
However, SONET was designed to be operated using a
“Ring” structure. Two basic types of self-healing rings are
Unidirectional ring
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
Bidirectional ring
The ring structure allows for very fast and automatic
service restoration in the case of a cable breakage.
Commercially available SONET equipment is usually able to
restore service after a cable breakage in a time of between
20 ms and 40 ms.
Unidirectional Ring
Unidirectional Ring
Unidirectional path switch ring (UPSR) transmit the same
information from A to B in both directions around the ring.
Normally, only the working path is accessed by the
receiving node: if a failure occurs, a node can select the
data on the protection channel.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
Bidirectional Ring
Bidirectional Ring
Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
Tributaries
Tributaries
Within each payload, slower-speed channels (called tributaries)
may be carried.
Tributaries normally occupy a number of consecutive columns within a
payload.
A US T-1 payload (1.544 Mbps) occupies three columns, a European
E-1 payload (2.048 Mbps) occupies four columns. Notice that there
is some wasted bandwidth here.
A T-1 really only requires 24 slots and three columns gives it 27.
An E-1 requires 32 slots and is given 36. This “wastage” is a very
small price to pay for the enormous benefit to be achieved by being
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
An E-1 requires 32 slots and is given 36. This “wastage” is a very
small price to pay for the enormous benefit to be achieved by being
able to demultiplex a single tributary stream from within the
multiplexed structure without having to demultiplex the whole
stream.
The tributaries may be fixed within their virtual containers or they
may float, similar to the way a virtual container floats within the
physical frame.
Pointers within the overhead are used to locate each virtual
tributary stream.
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