1 The words below appear the text in Exercise 2. Find the words and guess their meanings. Use a dictionary to check your guesses. 1.races ……………………
3. merchants ……………………
2.mixing ……………………
4. allowed ……………………
2 Read the text and tick ( ) the statements T (true) or F (false). Then find evidence in the text to support your answers. India – A Changing Society India is the seventh largest country in the world, but its population is the second largest after
China. At present, India has got just under 1.3 billion citizens, and people believe that by the
year 2028, it will have the largest population in the world. It is also the world’s largest
democracy.
India has got a long history, going back as far as 2500 BC. Its people come from many
different races and speak many different languages. The majority of people in India –
80.5% – are Hindus, and Hinduism still plays an important part in their daily lives. How-
ever, in the past, religion had an even greater influence on Indian society.
According to the Hindu religion, there are four main categories of people. These categories
are called castes. In the past, there was very little mixing between the castes. People from the
same caste used to live, work and eat together. They couldn’t marry a person if they didn’t
come from their own caste. There was no way of moving from one caste to another … in this
life. Hindus believe in reincarnation, so if a person is considerate and contributes to the well-
being of others, he or she will be born into a better caste in the next life.
The most important caste was the Brahmins. They were the priests, teachers and judges. Next
came the people who were the soldiers and rulers – the Kshatriyas. They were in charge of
the government and had the most power in their society. The Vaishyas were farmers and
merchants. The Shudras were the workers. They worked on farms or were servants.
There was one group of people who were not allowed to mix at all with people from other
castes. They were called the Dalit, although some people called them Untouchables. The
Dalit lived in poverty and did jobs that no one else wanted to do, like cleaning the streets, col-
lecting litter and washing clothes. Today, there are still problems in India, but the situation is
improving. It is against the law to discriminate against anyone because of his or her caste. In
1997, there was real proof that things had changed. K. R. Narayanan, a man from the Dalit
group, became President of India.