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Fig.4. Classification of risks depending on the area of occurrence
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In this context, internal risks are directly caused by the activities of the economic entity 
or its contact audience and are divided into three types: 

production - related to the peculiarities of the technological process at a particular 
enterprise, the level of qualification of employees, the organization of the supply of raw materials 
and materials and the implementation of transportation; 

investment - carrying a potential threat of non-receipt of the planned result; 

commercial - usually caused by improperly conducted marketing research, as a result of 
2013. P. 279-286. and etc.
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Compiled by the author, based on the synthesis of risk classification by a number of authors, for example, Panyagina 
A.E. Approaches to understanding and classifying risks. Journal "Modern Economics: Problems, Trends, Prospects", 
No. 6,2012. //http://www.mivlgu.ru/site_arch/educational _activities/journal_ec/journal_ arch/N6/panyagina.pdf. и 
др.
CLASSIFICATION OF 
RISKS DEPENDING ON 
FROM THE AREA OF 
ORIGIN
INSIDE RISKS
EXTERNAL RISKS
PRODUCTION
COMMERCIAL
INVESTMENT
POLITICAL
LEGISLATIVE
REGIONAL
NATURAL
INDUSTRY
MACROECONOMIC

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www.
 grnjournal.us 
 
which the company cannot sell the entire volume of manufactured products, underestimation of 
competitors in the product market, erroneous pricing policy, etc. 

external risks (the factors are: competition, the degree of novelty of the product, changes 
in consumer preferences (new trends). You can predict their occurrence, prepare for them to 
minimize the negative ones, but it is impossible to somehow prevent their occurrence)
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and they 
arise in the external environment of the subject, among these risks are: 

political - related to the political situation in the country and the activities of public 
authorities (revolution, military operations, nationalization of private property, confiscation of 
property, etc.); 

legislative - changes in existing norms with the release of new laws and regulations, for 
example, worsening the situation of the company (introduction of new taxes, abolition of tax 
incentives, increase in tax rates, etc.); 

natural - associated with possible natural disasters and environmental pollution (floods, 
fires, earthquakes, etc.); 

regional - due to the state of individual regions, their legislation, etc.; 

sectoral - depend on the trends in the development of the industry; 

macroeconomic - due to the development of economic processes in the country and in 
the world as a whole. In turn, macroeconomic risks include inflationary (deflationary), currency, 
interest rate and structural risks. 
The basis for the following classification of risks is also the nature of the impact on the 
performance of economic entities. So, the risks can be: 

net (meaning the possibility of a loss or a zero result); 

speculative (expressed in the probability of getting both a positive and a negative result); 

neutral (which do not affect the expected result). 
It is also generally accepted to classify risks according to the nature (factor) of occurrence, 
while the following groups are distinguished: political risks, natural (environmental), economic, 
transport, production. 
Another approach is interesting, which speaks about the risks of financing, in particular 
project financing, dividing them into risks that pose a threat to the economic efficiency of the 
project, and credit risks that are associated with the possibility of improper settlement of 
obligations to repay the loan and interest [18]. 
There is also another approach to risk classification that is more commonly used. In 
particular, one of the most famous publications in this field is the yearbook on most countries of 
the world in seven volumes called "Political Risk Year-book", published by the American firm 
"International Business Company USA (Publications) INC.", assesses the following risks: , 
financial transfers, exports, direct investment. 
Moreover, risks (groups of risks) are assessed on a 12-point system (from “A +” - the best 
assessment, to “D-” - the worst assessment), and the overall assessment is not displayed. The 
American firms Business Enviroment Risk Intelligence, International Reports, and the German 
firm BERI give both individual and aggregate risk, scoring them on a 100-point scale (100 is the 
best estimate). 
The following three groups are distinguished: 

political risks (including some social ones); 

financial risks, which mainly determine the solvency of the country in terms of 
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Risk24.ru: http: //www. risk24.ru/vidi. htm.

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