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MERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies
www.
 grnjournal.us 
 
has caused intense debate, both in the academic environment and among practicing physicians, 
because of the religious, moral, medical and legal points of view associated with it. 
When a surrogate mother legally evaluates motherhood, it is a contractual relationship. In world 
practice, double surrogacy is a common phenomenon. In "traditional surrogacy", the surrogate 
mother becomes pregnant with the help of her ovary. In turn, with "gestational surrogacy", the 
fertilized ovary is transplanted to the surrogate mother. In addition, there are manifestations of a 
surrogate mother, such as altruistic (only expenses are covered, and the goal is to help a childless 
family) or commercial (the surrogate mother receives remuneration for her services), depending 
on the funding. In a number of developed countries, only altruistic surrogacy is allowed, while 
commercial surrogacy is prohibited. 
What is the experience of foreign countries in the issue of surrogacy? Surrogacy is officially 
allowed in the Russian Federation - a woman who is 20-35 years old can become a surrogate 
mother, only gestational surrogate mothers are allowed to motherhood and if there are serious 
reasons (absence of the uterus or part of it, diseases that prevent pregnancy). At the same time, 
the ban on the use of surrogate mother services by foreign citizens has become an innovation in 
Russian legislation. On December 19, 2022, the Family Code of the Russian Federation was 
supplemented with the requirement of citizenship of biological parents, that is, at least one of 
them must be a citizen of Russia at the time of signing the contract. 
In Ukraine, on the contrary, commercial surrogacy is allowed, but there are some restrictions, in 
particular, it is necessary that the customer has a family consisting of a woman and a man. 
In European countries, there are three different approaches related to surrogacy. In countries 
such as Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Portugal, Croatia, Malta, surrogacy is 
officially prohibited by national legislation. In Germany and France, criminal liability has also 
been established for some issues related to surrogacy [9]. 
In countries such as Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Denmark, Spain, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, Sweden, Czech 
Republic, Estonia, surrogacy is not regulated by law, but is allowed in practice. In the 
Netherlands, commercial gestational surrogacy is allowed in accordance with the "In Vitro 
Fertilization Law", and this process must be carried out in accordance with special rules 
(guidelines of the Dutch Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology) approved by the Society of 
Obstetrics and Gynecology. In addition, Dutch legislation also defines the issue of citizenship of 
genetic (biological) parents, in particular, that genetic parents can only be citizens of the 
Netherlands [10]. 
In European countries, such as the UK and Greece, surrogacy is allowed at the legislative level. 
In particular, according to UK law, both traditional and gestational surrogacy is allowed [11]. In 
this matter, regulated after the fact (experiment), the age of the surrogate mother, aspects related 
to marital status are not regulated by law. The Law on Human Fertilization and Embryology 
(Human Fertilization and Embryology Act), adopted in 2008, also did not reflect issues related to 
surrogacy at all. But the Code of Conduct of Medical Professionals establishes the rules 
concerning surrogacy [12]. 
In some foreign countries, due to the requirements of new conditions and new technologies, 
necessary amendments are being made to legislative acts on reproductive health of the 
population or they are being adopted repeatedly. In particular, within the framework of the Eropa 
Union, transformation in the field of human rights and biomedicine is acceptable, and this 
document is the initial legal document aimed at protecting a person from abuse associated with 
the use of new biological and medical methods. At the same time, the issues of the use of 
artificial insemination methods in Europe are also regulated by a number of directives in 
question, which were developed on the basis of three recommendations of the Parliamentary 

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