Nutrition during pregnancy Latvia eng



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Proper Maternal

5.6.3   Iodine  

Iodine  is  vitally  important;  it  is  required  for  the  synthesis  of  maternal  thyroid  hormones,  which,  

in   turn,   are   essential   for   the   development   of   the   fetal   central   nervous   system.   An   adequate  

intake  of  iodine  should  thus  be  assured  before  conception  and  during  pregnancy  and  lactation.  

Thyroid   hormones   are   necessary   for   programmed,   coordinated   development   of   the   child’s  

central  nervous  system  and  cognitive  and  behavioural  development;  therefore,  iodine  deficit  is  

one   of   the   preventable   causes   of   developmental   and   mental   disorders.   The   fetus   is   most  

susceptible  to  iodine  deficit  during  the  early  stages  of  pregnancy.  If  iodine  supplementation  is  

given  only  after  the  first  antenatal  visit  (ninth  week),  it  is  too  late  to  ensure  the  best  possible  

outcome  of  the  pregnancy.    

To  ensure  an  adequate  intake  of  iodine  before  conception,  women  of  reproductive  age  should  

have   a   sufficient   daily   intake.   The   daily   intake   of   iodine   before   conception   and   during  

pregnancy  and  lactation  should  be  150–250  µg,  which  can  be  supplied  by  vitamin  formulations  

with  potassium  iodide  as  the  active  ingredient.  The  maximum  dosage  allowed  for  pregnant  and  

lactating  women  is  600  µg/day;  a  dosage  >  1100  µg/day  is  deemed  unsafe.  The  dosage  should  

be  adjusted  for  women  with  a  thyroid  disorder,  in  consultation  with  an  endocrinologist.  Intake  

of  iodine  with  food  depends  on  the  iodine  levels  in  food  and  soil,  the  use  of  iodine  disinfectants  

in  the  food  industry  and  use  of  iodine-­‐containing  fertilizers  in  agriculture.  




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The  main  sources  of  iodine  in  the  diet  are  fish,  seafood  and  dairy  products.  Use  of  iodized  salt  in  



cooking  food  at  home  is  important,  as  it  is  added  to  only  a  small  proportion  of  processed  foods  

in  Latvia.  For  most  pregnant  women,  the  intake  of  iodine  from  food  is  insufficient:  iodized  salt,  

consumption  of  seafood  twice  a  week  and  dairy  products  generally  provide  up  to  100  μg/day;  

therefore,   an   additional   100–150   μg   of   iodine   are   required,   which   should   be   taken   as  

supplements.  Complex  supplements  containing  folic  acid  and  iodine  are  available  for  use  when  

planning   a   pregnancy.   An   expectant   mother   who   is   already   taking   multivitamin   supplements  

that   contain   the   required   amounts   of   iodine   does   not   require   additional   supplementation.  

Seaweed  and  algae  supplements  are  not  recommended  during  pregnancy,  as  they  might  result  

in  an  overdose  of  iodine,  with  a  negative  impact  on  thyroid  function.  

Exclusively   breastfed   children   receive   an   adequate   supply   of   iodine   if   the   mother’s   intake   is  

adequate.    


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