Life
Historical and Cultural Background
Hardy’s mother Jemima,
the single most important
in
fluence in his life, dies. Part
of
The Dynasts (epic drama
in verse on Napoleon)
published.
Anglo-French Entente.
James,
The Golden Bowl
At about this time Hardy
meets Florence Emily Dug-
dale,
his future second wife,
then aged
. She is soon a
friend of Hardy and Emma,
and his part-time secretary.
Increased trade-union activity.
E. M. Forster,
Where Angels Fear to Tread
Part of
The Dynasts.
Thirty Labour MPs are elected in General
Election.
Anglo-Russian Entente. Act allowing
marriage with deceased wife’s sister. First
London cinema.
Forster,
The Longest Journey
Part of
The Dynasts
completes the work.
Non-contributory state pension is set up.
Forster,
A Room with a View
Time’s Laughingstocks and
Other Verses
.
Housing and Town Planning Act (to help
provide working-class housing). Labour
Exchanges Act (seeking employment
previously di
fficult).
Is awarded the Order of
Merit, having previously
refused a knighthood. Also
receives the Freedom of
Dorchester.
Edward
VII dies and is succeeded by
George V.
National Insurance Act.
D. H. Lawrence,
The White Peacock
November: Emma dies,
still estranged. Her death
triggers the writing of Hardy’s
finest love lyrics,
Poems of
–, about their early
time together in Cornwall
which he now revisits.
William
Morris produces
first cheap
Morris Oxford car. George V attends
first
Royal Command Variety Performance.
– Publication of a major
collected edition of novels and
verse by Hardy: the Wessex
Edition (
volumes).
A Changed Man and Other
Tales
.
A su
ffragette throws herself under the
King’s horse at the Derby.
Lawrence,
Sons and Lovers
Chronology
xxxvii
Life
Historical and Cultural Background
February: Hardy marries
Florence Dugdale (who was
hurt by the poems written
about Emma after her death).
Satires of Circumstance
;
The
Dynasts: Prologue and
Epilogue
.
Start of First World War. A million copies
of books
now available in free public
libraries.
James Joyce,
Dubliners
–
Joyce,
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Mary, Hardy’s sister dies. His
distant relative, Frank George,
is killed at Gallipoli.
Virginia Woolf,
The Voyage Out
Lawrence,
The Rainbow
Selected Poems.
Self-proclamation of an independent Irish
Republic.
Moments of Vision and
Miscellaneous Verses
.
T. S. Eliot,
Prufrock and Other Observations
First World War ends. Vote extended to
men over
and some women over .
Those Irish who want independence set up
their own parliament, the Dáil, and the
Irish ‘troubles’ begin. British troops
ruthlessly repress the rebels. Education
Act raises
the school-leaving age to
and extends education for some to
.
Russian Revolution helps stir up
working-class militancy. First satisfactory
contraceptive for women is devised.
– Mellstock Edition of novels
and verse (
volumes).
Increased social awareness is indicated by
extension of National Insurance against
unemployment.
Lawrence,
Women in Love
Ireland splits
into new republic and the
North, which remains part of the United
Kingdom.
Late Lyrics and Earlier with
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