Reading #2: Ecosystemic approach , form of environmental governance that places
ecosystemic dynamics at the heart of
environmental policy making. The ecosystemic approach grounds policy
making in a scientific understanding of the environment, the ecosystem paradigm. An ecosystem is a
functional unit or complex of relations in which living organisms (plants, animals, fungi, and
microorganisms) interact with one another and with their physical environment, forming a dynamic
yet broadly stable system. It may be of any size. The
paradigm emphasizes the structure and
functioning of the unit as a whole and highlights the fundamental interdependence of the components
within it. Each species fulfills a specific function within an ecosystem and depends on its interactions
with the other components for its survival. An important implication is that the
degradation of one
element of the ecosystem or the disappearance of one species could modify the whole ecosystem and
subsequently damage other components (or species) as well. In policy-making terms, this translates
into the necessity to develop comprehensive integrated policies that protect the ecosystem as a whole
by ensuring that none of its components are overexploited or depleted beyond renewable levels.
Historically, the rise of the ecosystem paradigm was
coterminous with the establishment of
ecology as an autonomous scientific discipline and with the development of a scientific approach to
natural resource management. Conceptually, the ecosystem paradigm substituted the focus on the
individual organism, hitherto the main unit of analysis in the natural sciences, which fostered a static
and monadic conception of nature, with an attention to the milieu in which the individual organism
is integrated. Discursively, this paradigm was accompanied by scientization of nature discourses,
which saw the word
nature increasingly replaced by
the environment and which went hand in hand
with a progressive rationalization of natural resource use
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