A cognitive study of metaphor and metonymy. Plan: I. Introduction II. Main part

Conclusion
Lakoff, Johnson, and Pinker are among the many cognitive scientists 
that devote a significant amount of time to current events and political theory, 
suggesting that respected linguists and theorists of conceptual metaphor may 
tend to channel their theories into political realms. 
Critics of this ethics-driven approach to language tend to accept 
that idioms reflect underlying conceptual metaphors, but that actual grammar, 
and 
the 
more 
basic 
cross-cultural 
concepts 
of scientific 
method and mathematical practice tend to minimize the impact of metaphors. 
Such critics tend to see Lakoff and Jacobs as 'left-wing figures,' and would 
not accept their politics as any kind of crusade against an ontology embedded 
in language and culture, but rather, as an idiosyncratic pastime, not part of the 
science of linguistics nor of much use. And others further, such 
as Deleuze and Guattari, Michel Foucault and, more recently, Manuel de 
Landa would criticize both of these two positions for mutually constituting 
the same old ontological ideology that would try to separate two parts of a 
whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. 
Lakoff's 1987 work, 
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things,
answered 
some of these criticisms before they were even made: he explores the effects 
of cognitive metaphors (both culturally specific and human-universal) on the 
grammar per se of several languages, and the evidence of the limitations of 
the classical logical-positivist or Anglo-American School philosophical 
concept of the category usually used to explain or describe the scientific 
method. 

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References 
1.
Johnson, Mark (1995) Moral Imagination. Chicago: University of 
Chicago Press. 
2.
Johnson, Mark (1987) The Body in the Mind. Chicago: University of 
Chicago Press. 
3.
Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson (1999) Philosophy in the Flesh. New 
York: Basic Books. 
4.
Lakoff, George (1995) Moral Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago 
Press. (2nd ed. 2001) 
5.
Lakoff, George & Mark Turner (1989) More than Cool Reason: A 
Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
6.
Lakoff, George (1987) Women, Fire and Dangerous Things. Chicago: 
University of Chicago Press. 
7.
Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson (1980) Metaphors We Live By. 
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
8.
Dahl, Christoph D. & Adachi, Ikuma (2013) Conceptual metaphorical 
mapping 
in 
chimpanzees 
(Pan 
troglodytes), 
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