40. All languages that have exactly six basic color terms describe the same six
colors—black, white, red, green, blue, and yellow—corresponding to the
primary neural responses revealed in studies of human color perception. In
addition, all languages that have only three basic color terms distinguish
among black, white, and red. This evidence shows that the way in which
the mind recognizes differences among colored objects is not influenced
by culture.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument
above?
(A)
While languages differ in their number of basic color terms, no
language has been conclusively determined to have more than 11
such terms.
(B)
Every language contains mechanisms by which speakers who
perceive subtle differences in hue can describe those differences.
(C)
Among cultures employing only three color terms, the word red
typically encompasses not only objects that would be called red in
English but also those that would be called yellow.
(D)
Several languages, such as Vietnamese and Pashto, use a single
term to mean both blue and green, but speakers of such languages
commonly refer to tree leaves or the sky to resolve ambiguous
utterances.
(E)
In a study of native speakers of Tarahumara, a language that does
not distinguish between blue and green, respondents were less able to
identify distinctions among blue and green chips than native speakers
of Spanish, which does distinguish between blue and green.
41. In an attempt to discover the cause of malaria, a deadly infectious disease
common in tropical areas, early European settlers in Hong Kong attributed
the malady to poisonous gases supposed to be emanating from low-lying
swampland.
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