Quantity A
x
Quantity B
y
3.
Quantity A
Quantity B
4. If 5,000 = 2
x
5
y
and
x
and
y
are integers, what is the value of
x
+
y
?
80 is divisible by 2
x
.
5.
Quantity A
x
Quantity B
3
6. If 17
= 34, what is the value of 6
?
7.
is equal to which of the following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
1
(D)
5
(E)
25
8.
is equal to which of the following?
(A)
(B)
2
(C)
2
(D)
4
(E)
4
9.
Quantity A
10
6
+ 10
5
Quantity B
10
7
+ 10
4
10. For which of the following positive integers is the square of that integer
divided by the cube root of the same integer equal to nine times that
integer?
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 16
(D) 27
(E)
125
11.
If the hash marks above are equally spaced, what is the value of
p
?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
12. What is the greatest prime factor of 2
99
– 2
96
?
13. If 2
k
– 2
k
+1
+ 2
k
–1
= 2
k
m
, what is the value of
m
?
(A)
–1
(B)
(C)
(D)
1
(E)
2
14. If 5
k
+ 1
= 2,000, what is the value of 5
k
+ 1?
(A) 399
(B) 401
(C)
1,996
(D)
2,000
(E)
2,001
15. If 3
11
= 9
x
, what is the value of
x
?
16. If
, what is the value of
?
Give your answer as a fraction.
17. Which of the following is equal to
?
(A)
(B)
(C)
2
(D)
5
(E)
10
18. If
,
, and 3
8
(3) = 3
c
, what is the value of
a
+
b
+
c
?
19. If 12
x
is odd and
x
is an integer, what is the value of
x
12
?
20. What is the value of
?
21.
Quantity A
m
Quantity B
3
22. Which of the following equals
?
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 8
(D)
16
(E)
32
23. If
= 0.03 × 10
11
, what is the value of
x
?
(A)
13
(B)
14
(C)
15
(D)
16
(E)
17
24. Which of the following equals
?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
n
= 0.00025 × 10
4
and
m
= 0.005 × 10
2
25.
Quantity A
Quantity B
0.5
26. If 2
2
<
< 2
3
, which of the following could be the value of
x
?
Indicate all such values.
24
64
80
128
232
256
27. Which of the following is equal to
?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(
x
3
)
2
28. If 125
14
48
8
were expressed as an integer, how many consecutive zeros
would that integer have immediately to the left of its decimal point?
(A) 22
(B) 32
(C) 42
(D) 50
(E)
112
Exponents and Roots Answers
1.
(B).
If a problem combines exponents with different bases, convert to the
same base if possible. Since 25 = 5
2
, Quantity A is equal to (5
2
)
7
. Apply the
appropriate exponent formula: (
a
b
)
c
=
a
bc
. Quantity A is equal to 5
14
, thus
Quantity B is greater.
2.
(C).
Construct a prime factor tree for 216:
216 = 2
3
3
3
, so
x
= 3 and
y
= 3.
3.
(A).
In Quantity A,
= 3 × 5 = 15. Since 15 is greater than
,
Quantity A is greater.
4.
7.
Construct a prime factor tree for 5,000:
Thus, 5,000 = 2
3
5
4
, therefore
x
= 3 and
y
= 4, and the answer is 3 + 4 = 7.
5.
(D).
Construct a prime factor tree for 80; it has four factors of 2 and one
factor of 5.
That doesn’t mean
x
is 4, however! The problem does not say “80 is equal to
2
x
”. Rather, it says “divisible by.”
80 is divisible by 2
4
, and therefore also by 2
3
, 2
2
, 2
1
, and 2
0
(any non-zero
number to the 0th power equals 1). Thus,
x
could be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and could
therefore be less than, equal to, or greater than 3. Thus, the relationship
cannot be determined.
6.
12.
This question looks much more complicated than it really is—note that
is in both the given equation and the question. Just think of
as a
very fancy variable that you don’t have to break down:
Therefore, 6
= 6(2) = 12.
7.
(A).
This question requires recognizing that a negative exponent in the
denominator turns into a positive exponent in the numerator. In other words,
the lowermost portion of the fraction,
, is equal to 5
2
. The uppermost
portion of the fraction, , is just equal to 1.
Putting these together, the original fraction can be simplified.
, which is the final answer.
8.
(B).
To solve, start at the “inner core”—that is, the physically smallest root
sign:
9.
(B).
Be careful! These quantities are not equal! When
multiplying
exponents with the same base, it is correct to add the exponents:
10
6
× 10
5
= 10
11
However, numbers raised to powers cannot be directly combined by addition
or subtraction. Instead, sum this way:
Quantity A = 10
6
+ 10
5
= 1,000,000 + 100,000 = 1,100,000
Quantity B = 10
7
+ 10
4
= 10,000,000 + 10,000 = 10,010,000
Thus, Quantity B is greater.
Alternatively, you can do some fancy factoring. The distributive property is a
big help here:
ab
+
ac
=
a
(
b
+
c
). In other words, factor out the
a
.
Factor out 10
5
in Quantity A:
10
6
+ 10
5
= 10
5
(10
1
+ 1) = 10
5
(11)
≅
10
6
Factor out 10
4
in Quantity B:
10
7
+ 10
4
= 10
4
(10
3
+ 1) = 10
4
(1,001)
≅
10
7
The approximation in the last step is just to make the point that you don’t
have to be too precise: Quantity B is about 10 times greater than Quantity A.
10.
(D).
To solve this question, translate the text into an equation. Call “the
square of that integer”
x
2
, “the cube root of the same integer”
, and “nine
times that integer” 9
x
:
Test the answers; doing so shows that choice (D) is correct:
= 9(27)
= 9(27)
27
2
= 9(27)(3)
27 = 9(3)
Choices (A) and (C) are not likely to be correct because the cube roots of 4
and 16, respectively, are not integers; test the others first:
Choice (B):
= 9(8)? No.
Choice (D): Correct as shown above.
Choice (E):
= 9(125)? No.
11.
(D).
To determine the distance between hash marks, divide 2 (the distance
from 0 to 2) by 5 (the number of segments the number line has been divided
into). The result is
. Therefore:
Note that 2 is equal to
, so the number line is labeled correctly.
Since
marks the same hash mark on the number line as
:
The answer is (D). Watch out for trap answer choice (B), which represents
, not
p.
12.
7
. You cannot subtract 2
99
– 2
96
to get 2
3
! You cannot directly combine
numbers raised to powers when adding or subtracting. (As it turns out, the
difference between 2
99
and 2
96
is much, much greater than 2
3
.) Instead, factor
out the greatest common factor of 2
99
and 2
96
:
2
99
– 2
96
= 2
96
(2
3
– 1) = 2
96
(7)
Since 2
99
– 2
96
is equal to 2
96
7
1
, its greatest prime factor is 7.
13.
(B).
First, factor 2
k
+ 1
into 2
k
2
1
and 2
k
– 1
into 2
k
2
–1
:
2
k
– 2
k
2
1
+ 2
k
2
–1
= 2
k
m
Factor out 2
k
from the left, then cancel 2
k
from both sides:
2
k
(1 – 2
1
+ 2
–1
) = 2
k
m
1 – 2
1
+ 2
–1
=
m
1 – 2 +
=
m
–
=
m
14.
(B).
The key to solving this problem is to understand that 5
k
+ 1
can be
factored into 5
k
5
1
. (Exponents are added when multiplying numbers with the
same base, so the process can also be reversed; thus, any expression with the
form
x
a
+
b
can be split into
x
a
x
b
.) Thus:
5
k
+ 1
= 2,000
5
k
5
1
= 2,000
Now divide both sides by 5:
5
k
= 400
So, 5
k
+ 1 = 401.
Notice that you can’t solve for
k
itself—
k
is not an integer, since 400 is not a
“normal” power of 5. But you don’t need to solve for
k
. You just need 5
k
.
15.
5.5.
Begin by converting 9 to a power of 3:
3
11
= (3
2
)
x
3
11
= 3
2
x
Thus, 11 = 2
x
and
x
= 5.5.
16.
. The square root of a number equals that number to the
power, so
too is a fifth root the same as a
exponent. Thus:
Since
.
17.
(B).
Since 10
–8
=
and
= 8
1
, first substitute to convert any term
with negative exponents to one with a positive exponent:
Then, convert the non-prime terms to primes, combining and canceling where
possible:
18.
19.
To solve this problem, you need to know that to divide numbers with
the same base, subtract the exponents, and to multiply them, add the
exponents. Thus:
= 5
7–(–4)
= 5
11
, so
a
= 11.
= 2
–3–(–2)
= 2
–1
, so
b
= –1.
3
8
(3) = 3
8
(3
1
) = 3
9
, so
c
= 9.
Therefore,
a
+
b
+
c
= 11 + (–1) + 9 = 19.
19.
0.
This is a bit of a trick question. 12
x
is odd? How strange! 12
1
is 12, 12
2
is 144, 12
3
is 1,728 … every “normal” power of 12 is even. (An even number
such as 12 multiplied by itself any number of times will yield an even
answer.) These normal powers are 12 raised to a positive integer. What about
negative integer exponents? They are all fractions of this form:
.
The only way for 12
x
to be odd is for
x
to equal 0. Any non-zero number to
the 0th power is equal to 1. Since
x
= 0 and the question asks for
x
12
, the
answer is 0.
20.
352.
A square root is the same as a
exponent, so
.
The common factor of 44 and 11 is 11, so factor the numerator:
When dividing exponential expressions that have a common base, subtract the
exponents:
Now simplify the 4 term, again noting that a
exponent is the same as a
square root:
21.
(B).
Since (10
3
)(0.027) is 27 and (900)(10
–2
) is 9:
= (3)(10
m
)
3 = 3(10
m
)
1 = 10
m
You might be a little confused at this point as to how 10
m
can equal 1.
However, you can still answer the question correctly. If
m
were 3, as in
Quantity B, 10
m
would equal 1,000. However, 10
m
actually equals 1. So
m
must be less than 3.
As it turns out, the only way 10
m
can equal 1 is if
m
= 0. Any non-zero
number to the 0th power is equal to 1.
22.
(D).
You could factor 2
2
out of the numerator, but the numbers are small
enough that you might as well just say that the numerator is 4 + 4 + 8 + 16 =
32.
FOIL the denominator:
5 – 3 = 2
= 16 is the final answer.
23.
(A).
One good approach is to convert 0.000027, 900, and 0.03 to powers
of 10:
Now combine the exponents from the terms with base 10:
Since
= 3, cancel the 3 from both sides, then combine powers of 10:
= 10
9
10
–6+
x
–(–2)
= 10
9
10
–4+
x
= 10
9
Thus, –4 +
x
= 9, and
x
= 13.
24.
(E).
A good first step is to convert to fractional exponents. A square root
is the same as the
power and a cube root is the same as the
power:
25.
(A).
To simplify 0.00025 × 10
4
, move the decimal in 0.00025 four places
to the right to get 2.5. To simplify 0.005 × 10
2
, move the decimal in 0.005 two
places to the right to get 0.5. Thus,
n
= 2.5,
m
= 0.5, and
= 5.
26.
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