2. Major Applications of Smart Agriculture
Precision farming, animal monitoring, and greenhouse monitoring are a few agri-
cultural businesses utilizing the Internet of Things. Every element of traditional farming
operation may be substantially improved by combining cutting-edge sensors and Internet
of Things technology. At the moment, the Internet of Things’ (IoT’s) and wireless sensors’
harmonious incorporation into smart agriculture can catapult agriculture to formerly in-
conceivable heights. Appropriateness of land, pest monitoring and control, irrigation, and
yield optimization are just a few of the conventional agricultural issues that IoT may assist
in resolving through the implementation of smart agriculture approaches [
7
]. Figure
2
illustrates the comprehensive paradigm of smart agricultural monitoring system applica-
tions, facilities, and sensors. Agriculture applications are classified as IoT agricultural apps,
smartphone-based agricultural apps, and sensor-based agricultural apps. Wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) have recently been used to enable IoT applications for smart agriculture,
including irrigation sensor networks, frost event prediction, precision agriculture and soil
farming, smart farming, and unsighted object recognition, among others [
8
]. Significant
instances of how new technology assists in the general improvement of efficiency at various
stages are included here.
Figure 2.
General paradigm of smart agriculture.
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2.1. Monitoring of Soil Moisture and Water Levels
Soil monitoring has developed into one of the most challenging agricultural areas,
both for manufacturers and farmers. Numerous environmental issues associated with soil
monitoring affect agricultural yield. When these sorts of obstacles are correctly identified,
farming patterns and methods become readily understandable. The soil’s moisture content,
wetness, fertilizer application, and temperature trends are all being monitored. Soil’s
moisture environment management system uses soil humidity and moisture sensors. By
proposing an appropriate fertilizer approach, the results of a soil monitoring test report
assist farmers in increasing crop yield outputs. The judgment is made based on data collected from sensors and compared to
predefined threshold levels. The soil moisture sensor is used to regulate the irrigation
system’s automatic operation. When the moisture level goes below the threshold value, the
water pump is triggered Soil mapping enables you to sow many crop types in the same field, allowing you
to match better soil characteristics, such as seed compatibility, sowing timing, and even
planting depth, as certain crops are deeply rooted while others are not. Additionally,
growing many crops concurrently may result in more prudent agricultural practices, such
as resource conservation. The system is composed of a distributed network of soil moisture
and temperature sensors located in the root zone of the plant, as well as rain sensors
located in various zones. The microcontroller collects and transmits all sensor data and
information. In addition, a temperature and soil moisture threshold algorithm will be
devised and implemented in a microcontroller-based gateway to regulate the amount of
water given to the fields. Finally, the user is provided with control via an IoT module based
on rain sensor data to interrupt or restart water flow as needed If the field contains an adequate amount of water, no water will be pumped into
it. However, when the soil’s water moisture content falls below a predetermined level,
water is pumped into the field until the desired moisture content is attained. The DHT11
sensor monitors the field’s temperature and humidity. In addition, a PIR motion sensor
detects when an intruder (human or animal) enters the area. Consequently, sensor values
are continually monitored and displayed on the farmer’s mobile device through a GSM
sim900A module, which includes a sim card with a 3G data pack and adds IoT capabilities
to the system 2.2. System of Irrigation Monitoring
Numerous studies have been conducted on a smart irrigation system. Food production
technology must significantly improve to keep up with the growing demand for food.
Numerous experts have worked diligently to create an alternative to irrigated farming.
These efforts, however, have not yet resulted in a feasible solution to the irrigation system’s
present problems. At the moment, crop irrigation is carried out manually and by established
customary practices. When crops are given less water, they grow slower and absorb less
calcium. Frequent irrigation kills roots and wastes water. As a result, accurate irrigation
of crops becomes a considerable difficulty monitoring approach is developed to enable autonomous delivery of sufficient water from
a tank to field crops. Automatic sensor systems are cost-effective, offered for determining
whether plants require watering based on information gathered from monitoring and
regulating the soil water levels to minimize dryness or overflow Kamaruddin et al., 2019 sor network (WSN) architecture that manually or automatically administers and monitors
the irrigation system. The proposed method used NRF24L01 and Arduino tools as the
communication network transceiver and CPU. The soil moisture sensor data will be sent to
the base station via NRF24L01. Then, the sensor node’s data will be sent to the cloud server
through the base station. This project utilized Thingspeak as a cloud server to store all data
in a database and connect it to an Android application.
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2.3. Fertilizer Administration
Akshaya et al., 2020 [
16
] proposed an IOT-based technique and upgraded the previous
system, which predicted agricultural yields using backpropagation and a random forest
algorithm. It recommends fertilizer application rates and exclusively monitors atmospheric
data via a mobile network and pump on/off action. The suggested technique utilizes
a segmented tank to collect NPK fertilizer and water. The user can select one of three
modes (manual, auto, or smart). In manual mode, the user is provided with the fertil-
izer and water ratios for well-known plants and fertilizers. In auto mode, all required
is to know the plant’s name to select the appropriate fertilizer and water ratio. Finally,
in smart mode, if the user cannot recognize the plant’s name, fertilizer ratio, or water,
the plant’s name, fertilizer ratio, and water will be recommended automatically. The IoT
module will continuously collect information on the temperature and soil moisture. The in-
formation collected will be stored in the IoT cloud. The mobile phone will inform you
whenever the given data changes and the needed fertilizer ratio will be shown on the liquid
crystal display.
2.4. Crop Diseases and Pest Control
Human operators frequently monitor insect pests via time-consuming and costly on-
site inspections, which results in low spatial and temporal resolution. Remote monitoring
has been possible due to advancements in remote sensing, electronics, and informatics.
Monitoring costs and effectiveness can be optimized through the deployment of camera-
equipped traps. With minimum human intervention, image analysis algorithms can locate
and count insect pests captured in traps automatically.
Reddy et al., 2019 [
17
] created an IoT-based system for disease and insect pest man-
agement in agriculture and the prediction of plant climatic factors. The integrated sensors
help in the measurement of soil and atmospheric moisture and humidity. These features
help determine the environmental conditions in which the plant flourishes and the plants’
illnesses. It detects disease on the field and sprays prescribed insecticides. Web cameras
take images that are then preprocessed to include RGB to grayscale conversion, defect
detection, image scaling, image enhancement, and edge detection. SVM is utilized to
categorize characteristics generated from Citrus Canker diseases, such as energy, kurtosis,
skewness, and entropy (damaged Lemon crop). The Arm7 microcontroller is used for
hardware, power, sensors, and motor driver control. Once the illness is identified, the
program will propose fertilizers and transmit the results to an LCD and the recommended
fertilizers. By pump, the fertilizers will be sprayed on the diseased leaves. This study was
confined to the lemon plant to demonstrate that the same method may be used for various
crops with favorable outcomes in the future.
A solution is presented for forecasting and detecting grape disease using the CNN
approach and real-time gathered data on environmental factors. First, the CNN technique
is utilized to analyze the leaf images. Then, different layers of the CNN method are used
to create the image. Finally, it is scaled to a specific resolution before data is sent into
the CNN layers for training and testing. The suggested algorithm was evaluated on four
diseases known to have a higher effect on grape production. The diseases include esca
black measles, anthracnose, leaf blight, and black rot. This gadget not only detects but also
forecasts illnesses based on historical weather data. On the other side, the readings from
the humidity, temperature, and soil moisture sensors are transferred through Raspberry
Pi to Microsoft’s Azure Cloud. Following this, the sensor readings are used to anticipate
the illness using a trained linear regression model. Based on the findings of the preceding
detection and prediction stages, suggestions for appropriate fertilizers in the right quantities
will be provided to minimize fertilizer misuse and cost savings [
18
].
To detect pests in rice during field production and avoid rice loss, the Internet of Things
supported a model-based UAV with the Imagga cloud offered. The Internet of Things-based
UAV was developed on AI mechanisms and the Python programming prototype to transmit
rice disease images to the Imagga cloud and supply insect data. The Approach identifies the
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disease and insects by integrating the confidence ratings of the labels. The label identifies
the objects in the images. To determine the pest, the tag with the greatest confidence
results and more than or equal to the threshold is chosen equal to the target label. If pests
are discovered in the rice, statistics will be transferred to the field owner directly to take
preventative actions. The suggested method is capable of detecting all pests that influence
rice production. On the other hand, this research attempted to minimize rice waste during
production by conducting insect monitoring at regular intervals summarizes
many current smart agricultural applications.
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