1.2 Research objective
The goal is to take a scientific approach to past trade and export issues and share
them with facts. This study addresses both foreign trade and economic growth have an
important role to make better people’s lifestyle. How I researched this topic and give
some important detail. I tried to find a lot of things about it. But I preferred to add
only needed information on my research. So, Foreign trade helps us to generate
employment opportunities and enlarges the market for a country’s output. Exports can
lead us to increase in national output and may become an engine of growth. As we
look at Economic growths are way more important because higher average incomes
enable consumers to enjoy more goods and services. Moreover, it can lead us to create
more higher output and positive economic growth firms tend to utilize more workers
creating more stuffs to work.
1.3 Literature Review
1.3.1 Relevant literature
Ron Van (2022) said that Uzbekistan has weathered the pandemic relatively well
and strong fundamental policy buffers, and high goal prices allowed the authorities to
take decisive actions to mitigate the social and economic impact of the pandemic,
while maintaining stability. As a result, the recovery that started in late-2020 gained
momentum in 2021, with growth accelerating to 7.4. Global food and commodity
price pressures added to inflation, but with a relatively tight monetary policy stance,
inflation fell to 10 percent end-2021. Ron Van (2022) also added that This would
The relationship between foreign trade export and economic growth of Uzbekistan
4
allow the authorities to achieve their goal of Uzbekistan becoming an upper
middle-income country by 2030, with incomes exceeding the equivalent of$4,000,
and to halve the poverty rate. Bruce (2022) told that with 2022’s first still taking
shape and in spite of the tragic outbreak of war between Russia and Ukraine, the US
economy is showing a strong a rebound from pandemic-related shutdowns and the
deep recession. The economy reacted to massive federal spending increases,
somewhat chaotic world economic forces and a persistent, uncertainly-laden
COVID-19 pandemic. Montague John Lord (2005) also mentioned that Uzbekistan has
experienced several stages of economic growth that are associated with the
Government of Uzbekistan’s (GOU) protectionist policies and switching policies
designed in some instances to promote growth and, in others, to promote stabilization.
In the initial stages of reform between 1992 and 2021 the Government instituted a
series of reforms aimed at gradually liberalizing prices, unifying foreign exchange
markets, instituting new taxes, lowering import tariffs, and privatizing small shops and
residential housing. In the second stage of the reform process between 1995 and 1996
the GOU launched a comprehensive stabilization and structural reform program aimed
at promoting economic stabilization rather than growth. During the third stage of the
reform process in 1997-2000 the Government reversed some of the key
macroeconomic policies undertaken earlier, largely in response to declining foreign
currency reserves. With the continued debt build-up by state enterprises during the
fourth stage of the reform process in 2001-02, the Government elaborated a Staff
Monitored Program (SMP) with the International Monetary Fund in an effort to
stabilize the economy and accelerate the transition to a market economy During the
fifth stage of the Government’s reform process in 2003-2004, there was some progress
towards market reforms, especially in banking reforms, but the business climate
continued to be undermined by trade restrictions and cash shortages. The gross value
added of the Uzbek economy is fairly evenly divided among agriculture, industry,
transport and communications, and construction, and trade and other services. The
extent to which improvements in total factor productivity (TFP) have contributed to
real GDP growth in Uzbekistan has been measured by the growth accounting
framework. There has not been created econometric model for identification of the
Southwest Petroleum University Graduation Thesis
5
regression relationship between investment attractiveness and other influencing
factors.
Nguyen Tien Dzung (2021) made use of Vietnam’s enterprise surveys to
estimate markups and product quality and investigate the effects of tariff preferences
under the ASEAN and ASEAN+1 free trade area on quality upgrading. The empirical
results consistently show that Vietnam’s manufacturing firms have moved toward
high-quality products and speeded up the rate of quality upgrading in response to the
increasing competition from regional imports. Osakwea et al. (2018) investigated the
relationship between trade, trade liberalization, and exports diversification in
developing and Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. By using the non-parametric
analyses, they indicate that developing countries that are more open to trade tend to
have more diversified exports structures than those that are classified as less open.
The empirical analyses showed that GDP, human capital and institutions, play
important roles in exports diversification. Natalia I. Dore, Aurora A. C. Teixeira
(2021) used bibliometric techniques to examine and document several aspects in the
empirical literature related to growth, from 1991 to 2020. Five main results are worth
highlighting: (a) the share of empirical articles on economic growth show a clear
upward trend; (b) among all the groups of countries considered, the emerging
economies (EEs) have received the most scientific attention; (c) the economic growth
processes of the Latin American and Caribbean EEs have observed negligible
scientific attention; (d) the very long-run studies comprise a residual share among the
empirical literature on growth; (e) the extant empirical studies on economic growth
have addressed mainly the impact of “macroeconomic conditions.” Their findings
suggest there is a need to redirect the empirical growth agenda, so as to encourage
more scientific attention devoted to the analysis of key determinants of economic
growth in the very long run. Elsoud, et al. (2020) attempted to investigate the
existence of a dynamic causal relationship among immigration, unemployment, per
capita GDP and wage levels in the Australian labour market. Alfonso, et al. (2020)
concluded that there is no publication bias and that the average effect of the parallel
economy on economic growth is insignificant. However, the reported effects differ
considerably with the type and number of countries included in the sample of primary
The relationship between foreign trade export and economic growth of Uzbekistan
6
studies, the structure of the data, the methodology used to measure the parallel
economy, the number of citations of primary studies. Vitalii Bondarchuk and Alina
Raboshuk studied on another monetary factor that also influence the economy: bank
credits, external debt, and the exchange rate of the national currency. They also added
that the case of Ukraine is interesting in terms of these factors’ influence on the
economy, because not all of these factors were market driven. The UAH/USD
exchange rate was actually fixed over some time and did not depend on the current
account balance. Inflation was long not targeted, the central bank struggled with it
after its actual disturbances. Sharma (2003) searched about possible dominant factors
affecting the export movement in India during 1970-1998 for which he used
simultaneously regression and showed a negative impact on export based on REER
(Real Effective Exchange Rate) implies that the real acceptance of the rupee (Indian
Currency) adversely affects exports of India. Mpunga (2016) indicated those
companies’ export competencies, export market characteristics, and national business
environments as significant factors of export performance. Once SMEs (Small and
Medium Enterprises) have financial stability, worthy capital and modern technology
use in their productions and operations, they will show better records of exports.
Another vital factor is truly based on the collective attitudes of SMEs owners and
managers regarding the government and its role, foreign market, as well as their own
business goals and visions. Daulika (2020) indicated that international rubber prices,
the exchange rate of rupiah against the dollar, and the domestic consumption are
significant factors of changing Indonesia's natural rubber exports. International rubber
prices and domestic consumption have a positive relationship with Indonesia's natural
rubber export prices. While the exchange rate of the rupiah against the dollar has a
negative relationship with the export prices of Indonesia's natural rubber. Ahmed M.
Khalid and Antonio Marasco investigated if the impact of FDI on growth is dependent
on the channel of integration used to attract FDI. They used four different indexes of
economic integration including Trade Openness, Chinn-Ito, and KOF and our newly
constructed index of financial integration. We employ these four indexes to
investigate the role played by economic integration in linking FDI and growth. Surya
Nepal et al. (2020) mentioned the case of Asian developing countries (Central Asia,
Southwest Petroleum University Graduation Thesis
7
South Asia, and ASEAN) to assess the impact of remittances on the economic
performance of these countries, with special consideration of the interaction effects of
remittances and institutional quality in these emerging Asian economies. Saccone and
Deaglio (2020) focused on the comparison of poor and emerging economies and, in
parallel, of emerging and high-income economies, and characterizes their transitions
across categories. In line with the empirical literature on economic growth, the results
of multinomial logit analysis suggest that higher growth rates of export and
investment are the main factors distinguishing emerging from poor economies. Zheng
Wei and Walsh, Patrick Paul (2019) studied of urbanization and capital are the major
contributors to China's economic growth. Meanwhile, there exists a “U-shaped”
relationship between urbanization and economic growth; that heavy industry exerts a
significant negative effect on economic growth using system generalized methods of
moments (GMM-sys) estimation methods; and the relationship between international
trade and economic growth is mixed and no consistent results support the conclusion
that the international trade promotes economic growth. Mohd Rizal Muwazir (2022)
studied to find out multicultural impacts on corporate social responsibility (CSR)
issues and practices in the country. This study encompasses top and executive
managers in financial services sector in Malaysia. A total of 1000 questionnaires were
given out to different segments of financial institutions in Malaysia namely. Dreher et
al. (2017) investigated whether and to what extent Chinese aid affects economic
growth in recipient countries. To account for the endogeneity of aid, we employ an
instrumental-variables strategy that relies on exogenous variation in the supply of
Chinese aid
over
time
resulting
from
changes
in
Chinese
steel
production. Bond and Forges (2020) showed how to link person and perception to
behavioral intention across the culture.
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