INDICATIONS AND USAGE
15
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is an IV sedative-hypnotic agent that can be used as
16
described in the
table below
.
17
12
1
Table 3 Indications for DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion
Indication
Initiation and maintenance of Monitored
Anesthesia Care (MAC) sedation
Combined sedation and regional anesthesia
Induction of General Anesthesia
Mainenance of General Anesthesia
Intensive Care Unit (ICU) sedation of intubated,
mechanically ventilated patients
Approved Patient Population
Adults only
Adults only (See
PRECAUTIONS
)
Patients ≥ 3 years of age
Patients ≥ 2 months of age
Adults only
2
Safety, effectiveness and dosing guidelines for DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion have not
3
been established for MAC Sedation in the pediatric population; therefore, it is not
4
recommended for this use. (See
PRECAUTIONS, Pediatric Use
).
5
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is not recommended for induction of anesthesia below the
6
age of 3 years or for maintenance of anesthesia below the age of 2 months because its safety
7
and effectiveness have not been established in those populations.
8
In the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion can be administered to
9
intubated, mechanically ventilated adult patients to provide continuous sedation and control
10
of stress responses only by persons skilled in the medical management of critically ill
11
patients and trained in cardiovascular resuscitation and airway management.
12
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is not indicated for use in Pediatric ICU sedation since the
13
safety of this regimen has not been established. (See
PRECAUTIONS, Pediatric Use
).
14
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is not recommended for obstetrics, including Cesarean
15
section deliveries. DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion crosses the placenta, and as with other
13
1
general anesthetic agents, the administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion may be
2
associated with neonatal depression. (See
PRECAUTIONS.
)
3
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is not recommended for use in nursing mothers because
4
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion has been reported to be excreted in human milk, and the
5
effects of oral absorption of small amounts of propofol are not known. (See
6
PRECAUTIONS.
)
7
CONTRAINDICATIONS
8
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity
9
to DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion or any of its components.
10
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is contraindicated in patients with allergies to eggs, egg
11
products, soybeans or soy products.
12
WARNINGS
13
Use of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion has been associated with both fatal and life-
14
threatening anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions.
15
For general anesthesia or monitored anesthesia care (MAC) sedation, DIPRIVAN Injectable
16
Emulsion should be administered only by persons trained in the administration of general
17
anesthesia and not involved in the conduct of the surgical/diagnostic procedure. Sedated
18
patients should be continuously monitored, and facilities for maintenance of a patent airway,
19
providing artificial ventilation, administering supplemental oxygen, and instituting
20
cardiovascular resuscitation must be immediately available. Patients should be continuously
21
monitored for early signs of hypotension, apnea, airway obstruction, and/or oxygen
14
1
desaturation. These cardiorespiratory effects are more likely to occur following rapid bolus
2
administration, especially in the elderly, debilitated, or ASA-PS III or IV patients.
3
For sedation of intubated, mechanically ventilated patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU),
4
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should be administered only by persons skilled in the
5
management of critically ill patients and trained in cardiovascular resuscitation and airway
6
management.
7
Use of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion infusions for both adult and pediatric ICU
8
sedation has been associated with a constellation of metabolic derangements and organ
9
system failures, referred to as Propofol Infusion Syndrome, that have resulted in death.
10
The syndrome is characterized by severe metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, lipemia,
11
rhabdomyolysis, hepatomegaly, cardiac and renal failure. The syndrome is most often
12
associated with prolonged, high-dose infusions (> 5 mg/kg/h for > 48h) but has also been
13
reported following large-dose, short-term infusions during surgical anesthesia. In the
14
setting of prolonged need for sedation, increasing propofol dose requirements to
15
maintain a constant level of sedation, or onset of metabolic acidosis during
16
administration of a propofol infusion, consideration should be given to using alternative
17
means of sedation.
18
Abrupt discontinuation of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion prior to weaning or for daily
19
evaluation of sedation levels should be avoided. This may result in rapid awakening with
20
associated anxiety, agitation, and resistance to mechanical ventilation. Infusions of
21
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should be adjusted to maintain a light level of sedation
22
through the weaning process or evaluation of sedation level. (See
PRECAUTIONS.
)
15
1
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should not be coadministered through the same IV catheter
2
with blood or plasma because compatibility has not been established. In vitro tests have
3
shown that aggregates of the globular component of the emulsion vehicle have occurred with
4
blood/plasma/serum from humans and animals. The clinical significance of these findings is
5
not known.
6
There have been reports in which failure to use aseptic technique when handling
7
Diprivan Injectable Emulsion was associated with microbial contamination of the
8
product and with fever, infection, sepsis, other life-threatening illness, and death. Do
9
not use if contamination is suspected. Discard unused portions as directed within the
10
required time limits (see
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Handling Procedures
)
11
PRECAUTIONS
12
General:
13
Adult and Pediatric Patients: A lower induction dose and a slower maintenance rate of
14
administration should be used in elderly, debilitated, or ASA-PS III or IV patients. (See
15
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.
) Patients should be continuously monitored for early
16
signs of hypotension and/or bradycardia. Apnea requiring ventilatory support often occurs
17
during induction and may persist for more than 60 seconds. DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion
18
use requires caution when administered to patients with disorders of lipid metabolism such as
19
primary hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetic hyperlipemia, and pancreatitis.
20
Very rarely the use of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion may be associated with the
21
development of a period of postoperative unconsciousness which may be accompanied by an
16
1
increase in muscle tone. This may or may not be preceded by a brief period of wakefulness.
2
Recovery is spontaneous.
3
When DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is administered to an epileptic patient, there is a risk
4
of seizure during the recovery phase.
5
Attention should be paid to minimize pain on administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable
6
Emulsion. Transient local pain can be minimized if the larger veins of the forearm or
7
antecubital fossa are used. Pain during intravenous injection may also be reduced by prior
8
injection of IV lidocaine (1 mL of a 1% solution). Pain on injection occurred frequently in
9
pediatric patients (45%) when a small vein of the hand was utilized without lidocaine
10
pretreatment. With lidocaine pretreatment or when antecubital veins were utilized, pain was
11
minimal (incidence less than 10%) and well-tolerated. There have been reports in the
12
literature indicating that the addition of lidocaine to DIPRIVAN in quantities greater than 20
13
mg lidocaine/200 mg DIPRIVAN results in instability of the emulsion which is associated
14
with increases in globule sizes over time and (in rat studies) a reduction in anesthetic
15
potency. Therefore, it is recommended that lidocaine be administered prior to DIPRIVAN
16
administration or that it be added to DIPRIVAN immediately before administration and in
17
quantities not exceeding 20 mg lidocaine/200 mg DIPRIVAN.
18
Venous sequelae, i.e., phlebitis or thrombosis, have been reported rarely (<1%). In two
19
clinical studies using dedicated intravenous catheters, no instances of venous sequelae were
20
observed up to 14 days following induction.
21
Intra-arterial injection in animals did not induce local tissue effects. Accidental intra-arterial
22
injection has been reported in patients, and, other than pain, there were no major sequelae.
17
1
Intentional injection into subcutaneous or perivascular tissues of animals caused minimal
2
tissue reaction. During the post-marketing period, there have been rare reports of local pain,
3
swelling, blisters, and/or tissue necrosis following accidental extravasation of DIPRIVAN
4
Injectable Emulsion.
5
Perioperative myoclonia, rarely including convulsions and opisthotonos, has occurred in
6
association with DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion administration.
7
Clinical features of anaphylaxis, including angioedema, bronchospasm, erythema, and
8
hypotension, occur rarely following DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion administration.
9
There have been rare reports of pulmonary edema in temporal relationship to the
10
administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion, although a causal relationship is
11
unknown.
12
Rarely, cases of unexplained postoperative pancreatitis (requiring hospital admission) have
13
been reported after anesthesia in which DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion was one of the
14
induction agents used. Due to a variety of confounding factors in these cases, including
15
concomitant medications, a causal relationship to DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is unclear.
16
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion has no vagolytic activity. Reports of bradycardia, asystole,
17
and rarely, cardiac arrest have been associated with DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion.
18
Pediatric patients are susceptible to this effect, particularly when fentanyl is given
19
concomitantly. The intravenous administration of anticholinergic agents (e.g., atropine or
20
glycopyrrolate) should be considered to modify potential increases in vagal tone due to
21
concomitant agents (e.g., succinylcholine) or surgical stimuli.
18
1
Intensive Care Unit Sedation
2
Adult Patients: (See
WARNINGS
and
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Handling
3
Procedures.
) The administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should be initiated as a
4
continuous infusion and changes in the rate of administration made slowly (>5 min) in order
5
to minimize hypotension and avoid acute overdosage. (See
DOSAGE AND
6
ADMINISTRATION.
)
7
Patients should be monitored for early signs of significant hypotension and/or cardiovascular
8
depression, which may be profound. These effects are responsive to discontinuation of
9
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion, IV fluid administration, and/or vasopressor therapy. In the
10
elderly, debilitated, or ASA-PS III or IV patients, rapid (single or repeated) bolus
11
administration should not be used during sedation in order to minimize undesirable
12
cardiorespiratory depression, including hypotension, apnea, airway obstruction, and oxygen
13
desaturation.
14
As with other sedative medications, there is wide interpatient variability in DIPRIVAN
15
Injectable Emulsion dosage requirements, and these requirements may change with time.
16
Failure to reduce the infusion rate in patients receiving DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion for
17
extended periods may result in excessively high blood concentrations of the drug. Thus,
18
titration to clinical response and daily evaluation of sedation levels are important during use
19
of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion infusion for ICU sedation, especially when it is used for
20
long durations.
21
Opioids and paralytic agents should be discontinued and respiratory function optimized prior
22
to weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Infusions of DIPRIVAN Injectable
19
1
Emulsion should be adjusted to maintain a light level of sedation prior to weaning patients
2
from mechanical ventilatory support. Throughout the weaning process, this level of sedation
3
may be maintained in the absence of respiratory depression. Because of the rapid clearance
4
of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion, abrupt discontinuation of a patient's infusion may result
5
in rapid awakening with associated anxiety, agitation, and resistance to mechanical
6
ventilation, making weaning from mechanical ventilation difficult. It is therefore
7
recommended that administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion be continued in order
8
to maintain a light level of sedation throughout the weaning process until 10-15 minutes prior
9
to extubation, at which time the infusion can be discontinued.
10
Since DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is formulated in an oil-in-water emulsion, elevations
11
in serum triglycerides may occur when DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is administered for
12
extended periods of time. Patients at risk of hyperlipidemia should be monitored for
13
increases in serum triglycerides or serum turbidity. Administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable
14
Emulsion should be adjusted if fat is being inadequately cleared from the body. A reduction
15
in the quantity of concurrently administered lipids is indicated to compensate for the amount
16
of lipid infused as part of the DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion formulation; 1 mL of
17
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion contains approximately 0.1 g of fat (1.1 kcal).
18
EDTA is a strong chelator of trace metals -- including zinc. Although with DIPRIVAN
19
Injectable Emulsion there are no reports of decreased zinc levels or zinc deficiency-related
20
adverse events, DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion should not be infused for longer than 5 days
21
without providing a drug holiday to safely replace estimated or measured urine zinc losses.
20
1
In clinical trials mean urinary zinc loss was approximately 2.5 to 3.0 mg/day in adult patients
2
and 1.5 to 2.0 mg/day in pediatric patients.
3
In patients who are predisposed to zinc deficiency, such as those with burns, diarrhea, and/or
4
major sepsis, the need for supplemental zinc should be considered during prolonged therapy
5
with DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion.
6
At high doses (2-3 grams per day), EDTA has been reported, on rare occasions, to be toxic to
7
the renal tubules. Studies to date in patients with normal or impaired renal function have not
8
shown any alteration in renal function with DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion containing
9
0.005% disodium edetate. In patients at risk for renal impairment, urinalysis and urine
10
sediment should be checked before initiation of sedation and then be monitored on alternate
11
days during sedation.
12
The long-term administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion to patients with renal
13
failure and/or hepatic insufficiency has not been evaluated.
14
Neurosurgical Anesthesia: When DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion is used in patients with
15
increased intracranial pressure or impaired cerebral circulation, significant decreases in mean
16
arterial pressure should be avoided because of the resultant decreases in cerebral perfusion
17
pressure. To avoid significant hypotension and decreases in cerebral perfusion pressure, an
18
infusion or slow bolus of approximately 20 mg every 10 seconds should be utilized instead of
19
rapid, more frequent, and/or larger boluses of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion. Slower
20
induction, titrated to clinical responses, will generally result in reduced induction dosage
21
requirements (1 to 2 mg/kg). When increased ICP is suspected, hyperventilation and
21
1
hypocarbia should accompany the administration of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion. (See
2
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.
)
3
Cardiac Anesthesia: Slower rates of administration should be utilized in premedicated
4
patients, geriatric patients, patients with recent fluid shifts, and patients who are
5
hemodynamically unstable. Fluid deficits should be corrected prior to administration of
6
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion. In those patients where additional fluid therapy may be
7
contraindicated, other measures, e.g., elevation of lower extremities, or use of pressor agents,
8
may be useful to offset the hypotension which is associated with the induction of anesthesia
9
with DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion.
10
Information for Patients:
11
Patients should be advised that performance of activities requiring mental alertness, such as
12
operating a motor vehicle, or hazardous machinery or signing legal documents may be
13
impaired for some time after general anesthesia or sedation.
14
Drug Interactions:
15
The induction dose requirements of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion may be reduced in
16
patients with intramuscular or intravenous premedication, particularly with narcotics (e.g.,
17
morphine, meperidine, and fentanyl, etc.) and combinations of opioids and sedatives (e.g.,
18
benzodiazepines, barbiturates, chloral hydrate, droperidol, etc.). These agents may increase
19
the anesthetic or sedative effects of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion and may also result in
20
more pronounced decreases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and cardiac
21
output.
22
1
During maintenance of anesthesia or sedation, the rate of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion
2
administration should be adjusted according to the desired level of anesthesia or sedation and
3
may be reduced in the presence of supplemental analgesic agents (e.g., nitrous oxide or
4
opioids). The concurrent administration of potent inhalational agents (e.g., isoflurane,
5
enflurane, and halothane) during maintenance with DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion has not
6
been extensively evaluated. These inhalational agents can also be expected to increase the
7
anesthetic or sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion.
8
DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion does not cause a clinically significant change in onset,
9
intensity or duration of action of the commonly used neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g.,
10
succinylcholine and nondepolarizing muscle relaxants).
11
No significant adverse interactions with commonly used premedications or drugs used during
12
anesthesia or sedation (including a range of muscle relaxants, inhalational agents, analgesic
13
agents, and local anesthetic agents) have been observed in adults. In pediatric patients,
14
administration of fentanyl concomitantly with DIPRIVAN Injectable Emulsion may result in
15
serious bradycardia.
16
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