Chemical Dyes
In the year 1856 a young man searched
for a way to create
a synthetic cure for malaria. William Henry Perkin was an
eighteen-year-old student at the Royal College of Chemistry
in London, England. During a school holiday, he began to
experiment in a makeshift laboratory he had set up in his
East End apartment. He was looking
for a way to artificially
manipulate chemical elements to create quinine. Quinine is
an expensive natural drug. In that era, it was the only known
cure for malaria. Organic chemistry was still a fairly new
science, and his attempts were unsuccessful. However, over
that school holiday he made an accidental discovery, one that
would change the world. The coal tar derivatives he was
working with yielded a purple color and accidentally stained
his clothing At that time the only dyes available were from
natural sources. No one had successfully produced a
chemical that reliably colored silks and cottons. Perkin's
discovery was stable. The color did not wash out or fade in
sunlight. He filed for a patent for the new mauve-purple dye.
More research led
to more colors, including "Perkin Green"
and several shades of red. Perkin convinced his family to
support him, and they constructed a factory to make his dyes.
His science-based approach to industry was a
groundbreaking concept. The time was right for the idea. To
manufacture the dye he needed coal tar, and
coal tar was a
readily available waste product of the Industrial Revolution.
Textile manufacturing was driving the push for more
innovation and advancement. Science and scientific
discoveries were being embraced as a way to move society
forward. Perkins publicized
his invention
The popularity of chemical dyes was assured when Queen
Victoria appeared in a gown of mauve. Queen Victoria was
the international trendsetter of her day. Within a decade of
William Henry Perkin's original discovery, the
chemical dye
industry was thriving. By the age of thirty-six he could retire
as a wealthy man. He did not retire from science, though.
He continued his work with coal tar, turning that industrial
by-product into many other inventions. He developed the
first synthetic perfumes, dry-cleaning fluids, stain remover,
wood preservatives, and antiseptics. Perkin's work even
resulted in the discovery of paraffin -the
wax-like substance
used today to make candles. His research also created a
basis for the work of doctors and scientists who came after
him. For example, in medical research, specimens are
stained with synthetic colors. This staining allows them to
be viewed under a microscope. As a result, scientists
discovered bacteria and germs. Chemical dyes even
helped
map human DNA. Perkin never found the cure for malaria
he was originally seeking, but his discovery of chemical dyes
contributed tremendously to science.