1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

4. THE PROBLEM OF TYPOLOGICAL CATEGORIZATION 
 
Plan: 
1.Definition of the term “category”. 
2.Different categories worked out by foreign and Russian scholars. 
3.Typological categories and their main parameters. 
4.Analyses of typological categories of nouns. 
 

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Basic concepts of the subject: 
Typological categories, functional semantic fields, grammatical-
lexical fields, grammatical form, grammatical meaning, morphological 
paradigm, grammatical morphemes, notional categories, logical and 
philosophical categories, functional-semantic categories, super-
segmenal units, interlanguage, interclass, interlevel criteria, 
interlanguage category, interlevelness of typological categories, 
lexico-grammatical classes of words. 
 
Linguistics is studied by categories. Categories are the basis of 
linguistic study. In Greek kategoria - reflection, thought, sign ; in 
philosophy - the most general and basic concepts that reflect the events 
in reality and the important, common features and relationships of 
knowledge. Category knowledge and social practice emerged as a 
generalized result of historical development. The earliest teachings 
about the phenomenon category can be found in some philosophical 
schools of ancient India. The Greek philosopher Plato believed that 
things and events in the world were formed in the form of expressions 
of concepts. Aristotle, in his Categories, interprets it as a reflection of 
objective reality and the highest generalization. U10 provides 
information on the following categories: essence, quantity, quality, 
attitude, place, time, rule, situation, behaviour and difficulty. Aristotle's 
theory of category was developed by Kindi, Farobi, and Ibn Sina. 
Medieval scholasticism demonsrates six categories: being (essence), 
quality, quantity, action (change), attitude, and possession. 
R. Descartes( a French philosopher, matematician and scientist)
and J. Locke point out three categories: substance, state, and relation. I. 
Kant understands category as a form of reason. G.V.F. Gegel also made 
a great contribution in the development of the doctrine of categories. 
He created a broad and complex system of teaching about categories. 
The doctrine of categories is also widely covered in the works of 
E. Hartmann, A. Schopenhauer, and F. Nietzsche. 
Scientists and philosophers work according to the categories 
proposed by them. The categories have methodological and ideological 
content, which help a person to understand the essence of being, the 
role of man in being. 

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Each science has its own specific categories, which reflect the 
characteristics of the science. Philosophical categories, in contrast to 
science categories, summarize the results of the development of specific 
sciences and describe aspects of methodological and philosophical 
significance in scientific knowledge. 
Hence, a general concept (time category, causal category) that 
represents the most important features and relationships of things and 
events in the material world, as well as a common name for something, 
event, type of person, category, group, degree, etc. are combined with 
the commonalty of certain characteristics. 
Linguistic typology uses different categories to establish 
typological similarities and distinctions. It concerns all the branches of 
linguistics, such as phonetics, phonology, stylistics, theory of 
translation, lexicology and so on. 
There exist different categories, for example, grammatical, 
notional, functional-semantic, grammatical-lexical fields, typological 
categories and so on. 
All these categories are based on studying the linguistic 
phenomenon according to the following approach: from meaning to 
form. It means that languages must be compared on the basis of some 
preliminary chosen categorical meanings. 
Traditional