Qarshi davlat universiteti roman-german filologiyasi fakulteti lingvistika kafedrasi

Being absent-minded
, he went into the wrong room. 
Participle I is used as a pure verb form in the formation of the continuous aspect forms. 
The adjectival and adverbial features of participle I are manitested in its syntactical functions as 
an attribute and an adverbial modifier. 

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30 
Arriving at the station
, she saw him at once, 
leaning against the railing.
(adverbial modifier of time, detached attribute). 
Non-perfect participle I active has synonymous adjectives formed from the same verb stem, such 
as 
resulting - resultant, convulsing - convulsive, abounding - abundant, deceiving - deceptive
. 
Some participles border on adjectives when used as attributes or predicatives, and have 
qualitative adjectives as synonyms; for example 
amusing - funny, boring - dull, deafening
- 
(very) 
loud.
There are even some deverbal adjectives that have completely lost their verbal 
meaning, for example 
interesting, charming.
My job is with one of the ministers - 
too boring and distasteful to discuss.
All this was 
extremely gratifying.
Like an adjective, participle I forms adverbs with the suffix 
-ly:
laughingly, jokingly, 
surprisingly, admiringly, appealingly, feelingly.
You surprise me, she said 
feelingly.
The grammatical categories of participle I 
Table VII 
The non-perfect form suggests that the action denoted by participle I is simultaneous with that of 
the finite verb. Thus the time-reference of the action expressed by participle I can be understood 
only from the context, that is it is not absolute, but relative. 
Learning 
foreign 
languages 
you know your native tongue better. I used to begin my day with 
repeating new words. you will learn a lot about your native tongue. 
The perfect form of participle I indicates that the action denoted by the participle is prior to that 
denoted by the finite verb. 
Having learnt
the elements 
of English 
I shall start upon French. our students start upon French or 
German. we started upon French. 
The meaning of priority may be accompanied by the notion of completion or duration, depending 
on whether the meaning of the verb is terminative or durative. 
Dinny took the little packet, and 
having brought
no bag, slipped it down her dress. 

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31 
Having waited
several hours in the snow to see me, he was not likely to show much patience 
when the 
house was thrown into darkness. 
Arriving
at the station, he found his train gone. 
Leaving
the house, Andrew continued his round. 
Turning 
the comer, you’ll see the house you are looking for. 
Hearing
a noise in the garden, I looked out of the window. 
Taking off our 
shoes, we tiptoed into the nursery. 
The perfect participle of the same verbs is used when there is a lapse of time between the two 
actions, or when the action denoted by the participle is durative. Compare the following 
examples: 
Seeing 
Jane, I rushed to greet her. But: 
Having seen
tine girl only once, I didn’t recognize her. 
Not having seen
her for a long time, I didn’t recognize her. 
Sometimes the perfect participle is used to emphasize priority. Compare these examples: 
Her husband, 
finding the right key
, fits it into the lock of the bureau. 
Having found the place he sought
, Bateman sent in his card to the manager. 
Non-perfect participle I may denote a posterior action, immediately following the first action, 
forming its part or being its result, as in: 
Lizzy left the room, 
banging the door shut.
John fell, 
hurting his knee.
There may be a lapse of time between the first and the second (posterior) action. This is evident 
from the context. 
I then hired a car and went home, 
arriving just before twelve о'clock.
We left at dawn, 
returning late.
The category of voice 
Participle I of transitive verbs, both non-perfect and perfect, has voice distinctions, which are 
realized in the contrast of active and passive forms: 

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32 
Translating 
from English into Russian, she 
should know well both languages.
Having 
translated
the text into Russian, we handed it to 
the teacher. 
Being translated
into many languages, the 
novel is known all over the world.
Having 
been translated
long ago, the novel is likely to 
be re-translated. 
Participle I active denotes an action directed from the doer of the action, while participle I 
passive denotes an action directed towards it. 
The carrier of the action may coincide with the subject of the sentence, as in the above examples. 
It may also be a noun modified by participle I used attributively, in whatever function the noun is 
used: 
The phrase 
The conference held at the University
is ambiguous, because it might be understood 
as 
The conference that has been held 
or -
was held
or 
is being held.
Syntactical functions of participle I 
Participle I performs the syntactical functions characteristic of the adjective and the adverb, and 
can therefore be used as attribute, predicative, or as adverbial modifier. 
It may be used (a) alone or (b) as headword of a participial phrase, or else (c) as part of a 
predicative construction: 
a) Let 
sleeping
dogs lie. 
He drank his coffee 
standing.
b) There are some other people 
waiting for you.
The youth looked at him curiously, 
never having seen a Forsyte with a beard.
c) We found 
him working in the garden.