21
NO
22
YES
23
NOT GIVEN
24
multimedia
25
abstract concepts
26
interactive and stimulating
27
E
28
H
29
C
30
F
31
FALSE
32
TRUE
33
TRUE
34
NOT GIVEN
35
FALSE
36
blend
37
affected
38
caring
39
slowly
40
overcome
page 15
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page 16
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IELTS Mock Test 2023
March
Reading Practice Test 3
HOW TO USE
You have 2 ways to access the test
1. Open this URL
http://link.intergreat.com/Jdyol
on your computer
2. Use your mobile device to scan the QR code attached
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13
Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage
1 below.
page 1
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Reclaiming the future of aral sea
A The Aral Sea gets almost all its water from the Amu and Syr rivers. Over millennium the
Amu’s course has drifted away from the sea, causing it to shrink. But the lake always
rebounded as the Amu shifted back again. Today heavy irrigation for crops such as cotton and
rice siphons off much of the two rivers, severely cutting flow into their deltas and thus into the
sea. Evaporation vastly outpaces any rainfall, snowmelt or groundwater supply, reducing water
volume and raising salinity. The Soviet Union hid the sea’s demise for decades until 1985, when
leader Mikhail Gorbachev revealed the great environmental and human tragedy. By the late
1980s the sea’s level had dropped so much that the water had separated into two distinct
bodies: the Small Aral (north) and the Large Aral (south). By 2007 the south had split into a
deep western basin, a shallow eastern basin and a small, isolated gulf. The Large Aral’s volume
had dropped from 708 to only 75 cubic kilometers (km3), and salinity had risen from 14 to
more than 100 grams per liter (g/1). The 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union divided the lake
between newly formed Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, ending a grand Soviet plan to channel in
water from distant Siberian rivers and establishing competition for the dwindling resource.
B Desiccation of the Aral Sea has wrought severe consequences. Greatly reduced river flows
ended the spring floods that sustained wetlands with freshwater and enriched sediment. Fish
species in the lakes dropped from 32 to 6 because of rising salinity and loss of spawning and
feeding grounds (most survived in the river deltas). Commercial fisheries, which caught 40,000
metric tons of fish in 1960, were gone by the mid-1980s; more than 60,000 related jobs were
lost. The most common
remaining lake occupant was the Black Sea flounder, a saltwater fish introduced in the 1970s,
but by 2003 it had disappeared from the southern lakes because salinity was more than 70 g/1,
double that of a typical ocean. Shipping on the Aral also ceased because the water receded
many kilometers from the major ports of Aralsk to the north and Moynak in the south; keeping
increasingly long channels open to the cities became too costly. Groundwater levels dropped
with falling lake levels, intensifying desertification.
C The receding sea has exposed and dried 54,000 square kilometers of seabed, which is
choked with salt and in some places laced with pesticides and other agricultural chemicals
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deposited by runoff from area farming. Strong windstorms blow salt, dust and contaminants as
far as 500 km. Winds from the north and northeast drive the most severe storms, seriously
impacting the Amu delta to the south—the most densely settled and most economically and
ecologically important area in the region. Afrbome sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and
sodium sulfate kill or retard the growth of natural vegetation and crops—a cruel irony given
that irrigating those crops starves the sea. Health experts say the local population suffers from
high levels of respiratory illnesses, throat and esophageal cancer, and digestive disorders
caused by breathing and ingesting salt-laden air and water. Liver and kidney ailments, as well
as eye problems, are common. The loss of fish has also greatly reduced dietary variety,
worsening malnutrition and anemia, particularly in pregnant women.
D Returning the entire Aral Sea to its 1960s state is unrealistic. The annual inflow from the Syr
and Amu rivers would have to be quadrupled from the recent average of 13 km3. The only
means would be to curtail irrigation, which accounts for 92 percent of water withdrawals. Yet
four of the five former Soviet republics in the Aral Sea basin (Kazakhstan is the exception)
intend to expand irrigation, mainly to feed growing populations. Switching to less water-
intensive crops, such as replacing cotton with winter wheat, could help, but the two primary
irrigating nations, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, intend to keep cotton to earn foreign currency.
The extensive irrigation canals could be greatly improved; many are simply cuts through sand,
and they allow enormous quantities of water to seep away. Modernizing the entire system
could save 12 km3 a year but would cost at least $16 billion. The basin states do not have the
money or the political will. Kazakhstan has nonetheless tried to partially restore the northern
Aral.
E We expect salinities in the Small Aral to settle at three to 14 g/1, depending on location. At
these levels many more indigenous species should return, although the saltwater kambala
would disappear from most places. Further restoration is possible. For example, if irrigation
improvements raised the average annual inflow from the Syr to 4.5 km3, which is entirely
feasible, the lake’s level could stabilize at about 47 meters. This change would bring the
shoreline to within eight kilometers of Aralsk, the former major port city, close enough to allow
recovery of an earlier channel that connected the city to the receding waters. The channel
would give large commercial fishing vessels access to the sea, and shipping could restart.
Marshlands and fish populations would improve even more because of a further reduction in
salinity. Outflow to the southern lakes could also increase, helping then restoration. Such a plan
would require a much longer and higher dike, as well as reconstruction of the gate facility, and it
is not clear that Kazakhstan has the means or desire to pursue it. The country is, however, now
discussing more modest proposals to bring water closer to Aralsk.
F The Large Aral faces a difficult future; it continues to shrink rapidly. Only a long, narrow
channel connects the shallow eastern basin and the deeper western basin, and this could close
altogether. If countries along the Amu make no changes, we estimate that at current rates of
groundwater in and evaporation out, an isolated eastern basin would stabilize at an area of
page 3
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4,300 square kilometers (km2). But it would average only 2.5 meters deep. Salinity would
exceed 100 g/1, possibly reaching 200 g/1; the only creatures that could live in it would be
brine shrimp and bacteria. The western basin’s fate depends on ground- water inflow,
estimates for which are uncertain. Someone has noted numerous fresh- water springs on the
western cliffs. The most reliable calculations indicate that the basin would settle at about 2,100
km2. The lake would still be relatively deep, reaching 37 meters in spots, but salinity would rise
well above 100 g/1.
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