READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40
Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage
3 below.
Soviet’s New Working Week
Historian investigates how Stalin changed the calendar to keep the Soviet people continually at
work
A
“There are no fortresses that Bolsheviks cannot storm”. With these words, Stalin expressed the
dynamic self-confidence of the Soviet Union’s Five Year Plan: weak and backward Russia was
to turn overnight into a powerful modern industrial country. Between 1928 and 1932,
production of coal, iron and steel increased at a fantastic rate, and new industrial cities sprang
up, along with the world’s biggest dam. Everyone’s life was affected, as collectivised farming
drove millions from the land to swell the industrial proletariat. Private enterprise disappeared in
city and country, leaving the State supreme under the dictatorship of Stalin. Unlimited
enthusiasm was the mood of the day, with the Communists believing that iron will and hard-
working manpower alone would bring about a new world.
B
Enthusiasm spread to time itself, in the desire to make the state a huge efficient machine,
where not a moment would be wasted, especially in the workplace. Lenin had already been
intrigued by the ideas of the American Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), whose time-
motion studies had discovered ways of stream-lining effort so that every worker could produce
the maximum. The Bolsheviks were also great admirers of Henry Ford’s assembly line mass
production and of his Fordson tractors that were imported by the thousands. The engineers
who came with them to train their users helped spread what became a real cult of Ford.
Emulating and surpassing such capitalist models formed part of the training of the new Soviet
Man, a heroic figure whose unlimited capacity for work would benefit everyone in the dynamic
new society. All this culminated in the Plan, which has been characterized as the triumph of the
page 11
Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices
machine, where workers would become supremely efficient robot-like creatures.
C
Yet this was Communism whose goals had always included improving the lives of the
proletariat. One major step in that direction was the sudden announcement in 1927 that
reduced the working day from eight to seven hours. In January 1929, all Indus-tries were
ordered to adopt the shorter day by the end of the Plan. Workers were also to have an extra
hour off on the eve of Sundays and holidays. Typically though, the state took away more than it
gave, for this was part of a scheme to increase production by establishing a three-shift system.
This meant that the factories were open day and night and that many had to work at highly
undesirable hours.
D
Hardly had that policy been announced, though, then Yuri Larin, who had been a close
associate of Lenin and architect of his radical economic policy, came up with an idea for even
greater efficiency. Workers were free and plants were closed on Sundays. Why not abolish that
wasted day by instituting a continuous workweek so that the machines could operate to their
full capacity every day of the week? When Larin presented his ides to the Congress of Soviets
in May 1929, no one paid much attention. Soon after, though, he got the ear of Stalin, who
approved. Suddenly, in June, the Soviet press was filled with articles praising the new scheme.
In August, the Council of Peoples’ Commissars ordered that the continuous workweek be
brought into immediate effect, during the height of enthusiasm for the Plan, whose goals the
new schedule seemed guaranteed to forward.
E
The idea seemed simple enough but turned out to be very complicated in practice. Obviously,
the workers couldn’t be made to work seven days a week, nor should their total work hours be
increased. The solution was ingenious: a new five-day week would have the workers on the job
for four days, with the fifth day free; holidays would be reduced from ten to five, and the extra
hour off on the eve of rest days would be abolished. Staggering the rest-days between groups
of workers meant that each worker would spend the same number of hours on the job, but the
factories would be working a full 360 days a year instead of 300. The 360 divided neatly into
72 five-day weeks. Workers in each establishment (at first factories, then stores and offices)
were divided into five groups, each assigned a colour which appeared on the new
Uninterrupted Work Week calendars distributed all over the country. Colour-coding was a
valuable mnemonic device since workers might have trouble remembering what their day off
was going to be, for it would change every week. A glance at the colour on the calendar would
reveal the free day, and allow workers to plan their activities. This system, however, did not
apply to construction or seasonal occupations, which followed a six-day week, or to factories or
mines which had to close regularly for maintenance: they also had a six-day week, whether
interrupted (with the same day off for everyone) or continuous. In all cases, though, Sunday
page 12
Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices
was treated like any other day.
F
Official propaganda touted the material and cultural benefits of the new scheme. Workers
would get more rest; production and employment would increase (for more workers would be
needed to keep the factories running continuously); the standard of living would improve.
Leisure time would be more rationally employed, for cultural activities (theatre, clubs, sports)
would no longer have to be crammed into a weekend, but could flourish every day, with their
facilities far less crowded. Shopping would be easier for the same reasons. Ignorance and
superstition, as represented by organized religion, would suffer a mortal blow, since 80 per
cent of the workers would be on the job on any given Sunday. The only objection concerned the
family, where normally more than one member was working: well, the Soviets insisted, the
narrow family was har less important than the vast common good and besides, arrangements
could be made for husband and wife to share a common schedule. In fact, the regime had long
wanted to weaken or sideline the two greatest potential threats to its total dominance:
organised religion and the nuclear family. Religion succumbed, but the family, as even Stalin
finally had to admit, proved much more resistant.
G
The continuous work week, hailed as a Utopia where time itself was conquered and the
sluggish Sunday abolished forever, spread like an epidemic. According to official figures, 63 per
cent of industrial workers were so employed by April 1930; in June, all industry was ordered to
convert during the next year. The fad reached its peak in October when it affected 73 per cent
of workers. In fact, many managers simply claimed that their factories had gone over to the
new week, without actually applying it. Conforming to the demands of the Plan was important;
practical matters could wait. By then, though, problems were becoming obvious. Most serious
(though never officially admitted), the workers hated it. Coordination of family schedules was
virtually impossible and usually ignored, so husbands and wives only saw each other before or
after work; rest days were empty without any loved ones to share them – even friends were
likely to be on a different schedule. Confusion reigned: the new plan was introduced
haphazardly, with some factories operating five-, six- and seven-day weeks at the same time,
and the workers often not getting their rest days at all.
H
The Soviet government might have ignored all that (It didn’t depend on public approval), but
the new week was far from having the vaunted effect on production. With the complicated
rotation system, the work teams necessarily found themselves doing different kinds of work in
successive weeks. Machines, no longer consistently in the hands of people how knew how to
tend them, were often poorly maintained or even broken. Workers lost a sense of responsibility
for the special tasks they had normally performed.
page 13
Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices
I
As a result, the new week started to lose ground. Stalin’s speech of June 1931, which criticised
the “depersonalised labor” its too hasty application had brought, marked the beginning of the
end. In November, the government ordered the widespread adoption of the six-day week,
which had its own calendar, with regular breaks on the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th, and 30th, with
Sunday usually as a working day. By July 1935, only 26 per cent of workers still followed the
continuous schedule, and the six-day week was soon on its way out. Finally, in 1940, as part of
the general reversion to more traditional methods, both the continuous five-day week and the
novel six-day week were abandoned, and Sunday returned as the universal day of rest. A bold
but typically ill-conceived experiment was at an end.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |