Target qualities. Senders’ vocal cues may consciously or nonconsciously shift in response to the
situation that the sender is in (e.g., talking more softly when entering a library; quadrant 3) as well as
in response to other people (i.e., targets) who are in that situation with the sender. Infant-directed
speech and what has been called elderspeak (Kemper 1994) represent two examples of the latter
that might be situated in quadrants 2 and 3, respectively. When adults and children speak to babies,
changes in their timbre, pitch (higher), and speech rate (slower) have been observed, and they also
tend to use shorter and simpler sentences, more extreme vowels, and exaggerated emotional tones
(Kuhl et al. 1997, Piazza et al. 2017, Saint-Georges et al. 2013). Although variability in infant-
directed speech has been documented, it has been observed in many cultures, suggesting that it
may be an evolved solution to an adaptive problem (e.g., Broesch & Bryant 2017, Narayan &
McDermott 2016, Sulpizio et al. 2018). The informational value of infant-directed speech has
been examined; for example, Zangl & Mills (2007) found that infants show greater event-related
potentials (ERPs) to familiar and unfamiliar words spoken in infant-directed speech than to words
spoken in adult-directed speech.
With elderspeak, senders use some of the same vocal cues associated with infant-directed
talk—shorter sentences, slower speech, and higher pitch—when addressing the elderly (Kemper
1994). Elderspeak can be perceived as patronizing and may negatively impact elderly patients’
receptiveness to treatment (Ryan et al. 1995, Williams & Herman 2011). Less patronizing speech
directed toward more positively viewed elderly individuals, as well as the belief that elderspeak is
more appropriate for certain types of older clients, suggests the possible role of conscious processes
in the decision to switch to elderspeak (Lombardi et al. 2014, Thimm et al. 1998).