Energies
2022
,
15
, 7804
11 of 24
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Note that the retention time is longer that simply 10 half-lives of decaying radionuclides, which
would be only 302 and 21 10
6
years, correspondingly.
The LLW typically require a few hundred years whereas SNF needs many millions
of years of isolation from the biosphere. Table 3 shows characteristic timeframes of the
features, events, and processes (so-called FEPs [29]) involved in preparing the SAR of dis-
posal facilities.
Table 3.
Expected time frames of FEPs in years.
FEP
Time Frame, y
Decay of SNF radionuclides
Millions
Climate cycles (glaciations)
Tens of thousands
Passive institutional control (markers)
Thousands
Decay of ILW radionuclides
Thousands
Active institutional control
Hundreds
Decay of LLW radionuclides
Hundreds
Time scales for disposal facilities thus range from hundreds (for NSDF) to thousands
and millions of years (for GDF). Predictive possibilities diminish with time, as uncertain-
ties accumulate, which may substantially change the scenario evolution.
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