2022 ,
15 , 7804
21 of 24
Figure 9. Scheme of disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRS), high-level radioactive waste (HLW),
and spent nuclear fuel (SNF) disposal in branching lateral drillholes within suitable geological ho-
rizons. Reprinted from with permission of Elsevier from [36].
The concept of disposal in lateral boreholes combines the technologies of borehole
and shaft disposals and the advantages of both borehole and shaft disposal facilities. The
multi-layer structure of the sedimentary cover with a thickness of 0.5–1 km can provide a
reliable shield against vertical migration of groundwater from the waste placement hori-
zon. The drilling of horizontally oriented boreholes can be performed within very short
time periods; therefore, the commissioning of BDFs with horizontal holes can be accom-
plished in much shorter times compared with mined GDFs.
7. Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal Nuclear waste disposal is intended to isolate the waste both from human activity and
from natural dynamic processes. As a rule, the impacts of disposal facilities are assessed
in terms of the most probable doses caused by potentially released and migrating radio-
nuclides. Following the recommendations of ICRP [12], expositions due to natural pro-
cesses are typically taken as <0.3 mSv/y and the expositions due to human intrusion < 10
mSv/y. If the assessed doses are >10 mSv/y, the design of the repository is reconsidered;
moreover, if assessed doses are above 100 mSv/y, the design of the repository needs to be
reconsidered [12]. The adequacy of the safety of a system is proved by the safety analysis
report (SAR).
The SAR of a nuclear waste disposal facility evaluates the performance of the facility
and its radiological impacts to the environment and humans and results in data demon-
strating compliance with safety standards. Otherwise, it shows the unacceptability of the
proposed concept. The main emphasis of SAR is generally on radiological criteria, includ-
ing:
Limited doses or risks (relative).
Levels of radiological protection to future generations provided at the same level as
at present.
Ensuring that the additive impact of the disposal is limited.
Figure 10 illustrates the typical results of such type calculations within SARs (see the
details within reference [45]).