12/17/23, 6:04 PM
Why Do We Give Gifts? An Anthropologist Explains This Ancient Human Behavior | Scientific American
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-we-give-gifts-an-anthropologist-explains-this-ancient-human-behavior/
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Like many anthropologists, Mauss was puzzled by societies in which gifts
were extravagantly given away.
For example, along the northwest coast of Canada and the United States,
Indigenous peoples conduct potlatch ceremonies. In these dayslong feasts,
hosts give away immense amounts of property. Consider a
famous potlatch in
1921
, held by a clan leader of the Kwakwaka’wakw Nation in Canada who
gave community members 400 sacks of our, heaps of blankets, sewing
machines, furniture, canoes, gas-powered boats and even pool tables.
In a now-famous essay titled “
The Gift
,” originally published almost a century
ago, Mauss sees potlaches as an extreme form of gifting. Yet, he suggests this
behavior is totally recognizable in most every human society: We give things
away even when keeping them for ourselves would seem to make much more
economic and evolutionary sense.
Mauss observed that gifts create three separate but inextricably related
actions. Gifts are given, received and reciprocated.
The rst act of giving establishes the virtues of the gift giver. They express
their generosity, kindness and honor.
The act of receiving the gift, in turn, shows a person’s willingness to be
honored. This is a way for the receiver to show their own generosity, that
they are willing to accept what was o ered to them.
The third component of gift giving is reciprocity, returning in kind what was
rst given. Essentially, the person who received the gift is now expected –
implicitly or explicitly – to give a gift back to the original giver.
But then, of course, once the
rst person gets something back, they must
return yet another gift to the person who received the original gift. In this