Memorial with the obelisk, by the Canterbury Cathedral and Jack’s ashes. By drawing our
attention to the necessity of “looking not telling” (Swift 1996:128), they also suggest that the
power of words to express the truth of the past and the complexity of human feelings is limited.
The living protagonists’ lack of words, especially in the chapters containing either two
words as in one of Vince’s chapters (Swift 1996:130) or a couple of sentences as in one of
Lenny’s chapters (Swift 1996:195), reinforces the idea that the past is open to our analysis which
can offer multiple interpretations. Moreover, such blanks in the narrative are conducive to what
Brian McHale (1987) calls “the physical discontinuity and spaciness of postmodernist texts”
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(McHale 1987:182) which favour various interpretations. At this point, we witness a
metafictional game with the conventional structure of the novel. According to Patricia Waugh
(1984), a novel “is metafictional only to the extent that it foregrounds the arbitrary relationship
between words and things and lays bare the construction of meaning through metaphorical
substitution” (Waugh 1984:43). We are invited to infer the meaning of the symbols in Graham
Swift’s novel, filling in the blanks of its narrative. The frequency of the verb look suggests the
characters’ interest in making sense of the world and of the past through their inner vision and
interpretation.
He stands there looking, not telling (Swift 1996:128).
I see him stop on the edge of the hill and look at the view like Vic looking at the names (Swift 1996:140).
I look at him like I’m looking down at a view (Swift 1996:189).
I’m gazing, I’m staring, I’m peering hard, but I can’t see it, I can’t make it out. The next world (Swift
1996:207).
The moments of silence seem to be part of a ritual of holding the box containing the jar
with Jack’s ashes and of passing this box to each other, adressing it as if it were a living human
being. Holding this box symbolizes the living characters’ great sense of responsibility towards the
past as well as their pride in their past:
He’s holding the box like it might be his lunch (Swift 1996:21).
Vic’s still holding the box. He shouldn’t keep hogging it (Swift 1996:46).
I’m holding the box now, Jack’s on my knees (Swift 1996:48).
I’m holding Jack again, in his bag, in his jar, and I hold on to him tighter, like I already need the extra
ballast (Swift 1996:262-263).
The box, which all characters want to hold, symbolizes the power of the past they can
inherit. The fight between Vince and Lenny for the box is the fight for the supremacy over the
heritage of the past. Lenny seems to be more protective towards the past than Vince, who looks
defiant and ignorant of it. By his gestures and attitude, Vince expresses his hatred for Jack. For
instance, he unscrews the lid of the jar and throws part of the ashes away with his hand, being
irritated by Lenny’s determination to take hold of the jar with Jack’s ashes. At this point, we can
notice that the past, associated with Jack, is subject to Vince and Lenny’s different interpretation
according to their vision and education. Vince’s actions and lack of words evince his hidden
frustration and dissatisfaction with Jack’s decisions and past.
The symbols of the past are explored throughout the novel by the various voices which
finally come to an agreement regarding their duty and responsibility towards the past. The living
characters – Ray, Vince, Vic, Lenny, Amy, Mandy – who are also the narrators of the novel, try
to decipher these symbols during their journey to Margate. At the same time, they make brief
references to their past, to their inner concerns, to their dissatisfaction with certain aspects of their
life, sharing their thoughts. We are not introduced to any spectacular events in their lives or to
any important historical events. We are just briefly presented some ordinary aspects of their lives
regarding their work and family. Ray, Vince, Lenny and Vic meet in a pub – the symbol of the
present life – where they share the latest information and exchange opinions in a pleasant
atmosphere. In Ray’s first chapter, we are introduced to their meeting with Jack alive, all
showing their familiarity with the metaphor of the Coach and Horses – the symbol of the
inevitable death which takes all of us out of this world. Jack particularly outlines his vision on
this metaphor wondering where exactly they will be taken by death: “Where d’you think we’ve
all got to get to that the bleeding coach should be taking us?” (Swift 1996:9). They celebrate
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Vince’s birthday showing that they are “coming up to last orders” (Swift 1996:9). Besides
suggesting that Jack has the last opportunity to enjoy life and to drink with his old friends, this
phrase also makes reference to Jack’s orders, which are nothing but his strong desires and
requests to be carried out by his family and friends.
The characters’ dialogues evince their interpretation of the past. For instance, Ray’s vision
of the present world reinforces the idea that it is bound to repeat the patterns of the past world. He
frequently uses the verbs think and see to reflect his understanding of the past. He points out that
he involuntarily repeats Jack’s actions, which are associated with the world of the past.
Understanding the interconnection between the present and the past, between his family and his
ancestors, Ray claims that “we’re all part of each other” (Swift 1996:51), viewing his ancestors as
if they were alive in front of him. His life events generate his growing interest in understanding
the past, associated with Jack, whose condition he compares with everyone’s human condition:
“I’m seeing the man himself, his own man, private Jack, who’s assumed command” (Swift
1996:183). This idea anticipates the conclusion of the novel that Jack’s ashes are part of our
human essence as they are spread across the world by the wind – the symbol of Life that we all
physically live up to a certain point: “the ash [...], which was Jack who once walked around, is
carried away by the wind, is whirled away by the wind till the ash becomes wind and the wind
becomes Jack what we’re made of” (Swift 1996:294-295). Therefore, Ray Johnson takes the past
for the essence of our present. Unlike him, who preserves and respects the tradition of the past,
doing his duty towards his family and friends, Vince or Vincent Ian Pritchett, who is Jack and
Amy’s adoptive son, as his real parents died at war, is the noncorformist who hates the past
tradition and Jack, being determined to take revenge against him. Vince is dissatisfied with the
way he was brought up and treated as a child when he always had to sit at the back of the car
when travelling, feeling that he was not the beloved son of his adoptive family. To keep away
from Jack and Amy, he signs up for five years and enters the Foreign Legion, rejecting the idea
of becoming a butcher at Dodds and Son. He lives in a butcher’s van with Mandy whom he gets
married to, having a daughter, Kath, who is unable to work. When Jack dies, Vince does not wear
a black tie and wonders whether Jack sees them fulfilling his wish of spreading his ashes in
Margate. Moreover, Vince does not seem convinced of the importance of doing his duty to Jack
by fulfilling his wishes after his death. He has outbursts of fury on the way to Margate, fighting
with Lenny, getting dirty and scattering a part of Jack’s ashes on a field before arriving in
Margate. Furthermore, his gesture of placing the jar with Jack’s ashes in a carrier bag where he
also puts some coffee and the fact that he forgets this bag in an inn, being reminded by Lenny to
take it when leaving, show his total lack of respect for Jack. Nevertheless, he meets Jack’s final
request and reaches Margate with his friends, throwing Jack’s ashes in the wind to spread across
the world and turn into our own essence. Despite the fact that he accomplishes his duty to Jack,
who is the symbol of the past, Vince’s disrespectful vision and negative interpretation of the past
are fairly noticeable.
Graham Swift’s narrators in Last Orders invite the readers to complete their chapters, to
fill in their appropriate words. The narrators’ linguistic ability to demonstrate the complexity of
language in order to accurately represent the past and its influence upon the present is limited. As
compared to their language, which has lost its power to accurately represent the world, their
actions are more suggestive for the importance of the past in their lives. Thus, we can remark that
Graham Swift’s novel is an instance of what Linda Hutcheon (1988) calls “historiographic
metafiction”, wherein the narrators fail to present a unique perspective upon the truth of the past.
According to Linda Hutcheon (1988), in this type of postmodernist fiction,
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All the various critically sanctioned modes of talking about subjectivity (character, narrator, writer, textual
voice) fail to offer any stable anchor. They are used, inscribed, entrenched, yes, but they are also abused,
subverted, undermined. These novels are perhaps upsetting to many readers for exactly this reason
(Hutcheon 1988:189).
Not being given what Linda Hutcheon (1988) calls “any stable anchor” (Hutcheon
1988:189) in terms of an accurate representation of the past, we have to fill in the blanks of
Graham Swift’s novel to understand the past. It is shown as a living presence with wishes to be
fulfilled as well as an object of analysis which reveals the characters’ unity of vision regarding
their obligations towards it and which could arise the readers’ different interpretations. Analysing
the living protagonists’ actions and determination to do their duty to Jack, associated with the
past and with a set of unwritten rules, requests and wishes, we can notice that they have
understood the power and the value of the past in their lives. Even if they lack the linguistic
ability to objectively express the true meaning of Jack’s unwritten book they have in their minds
and frequently reread, they give us a hint at our great duty to hold the past in great respect.
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