Seven a.m., waking up in the morning
Gotta be fresh, gotta go downstairs
Gotta have my bowl, gotta have cereal
Then she hustles down to the bus stop, sees her friends drive by, and
ponders whether to sit in the front seat or the back. Finally, after all those
tough decisions, she hits the chorus, an ode to her excitement about the
impending two days of freedom:
It’s Friday, Friday
Gotta get down on Friday
Everybody’s lookin’ forward to the weekend, weekend.
All in all, the piece sounds more like a monologue of the random thoughts
going through an especially vacant teenager’s head than a real song.
Yet this song was one of the most viral videos of 2011. It was viewed
more than 300 million times on YouTube, and many millions more listened
to it over other channels.
Why? The song was terrible, but lots of songs are terrible. So what made
this one a success?
Take a look at the number of daily searches for “Rebecca Black” on
YouTube in March 2011, soon after the song was first released. See if you
notice a pattern.
Searches for “Rebecca Black” on YouTube March 2011
Notice the spike once every week? Look closer and you’ll see that the
spike happens on the same day every week. There was one on March 18,
seven days later on March 25, and seven days later, on April 1.
The particular day of the week? You guessed it. Friday—just like the
name of Rebecca Black’s song.
So while the song was equally bad every day of the week, each Friday it
received a strong trigger that contributed to its success.
TRIGGERED TO TALK
As discussed in the Social Currency chapter, some word of mouth is
motivated by peoples’ desire to look good to others. Mentioning clever or
entertaining things makes people seem clever and entertaining. But that isn’t
the only factor that drives us to share.
Most conversations can be described as small talk. We chat with parents at
our kids’ soccer games or schmooze with coworkers in the break room.
These conversations are less about finding interesting things to say to make
us look good than they are about filling conversational space. We don’t want
to sit there silently, so we talk about something. Anything. Our goal isn’t
necessarily to prove that we are interesting, funny, or intelligent. We just
want to say something to keep the conversation going. Anything to prove
that we’re not terrible conversationalists.
So what do we talk about? Whatever is top of mind is a good place to
start. If something is accessible, it’s usually relevant to the situation at hand.
Did you read about the new bridge construction? What did you think about
the game last night?
We talk about these topics because they are going on in the surrounding
environment. We saw the bulldozers on our drive in, so construction is on
our mind. We bump into a friend who likes sports, so we think about the big
game. Triggers boost word of mouth.
Returning to the BzzAgent data, triggers helped us answer why some
products get talked about more. More frequently triggered products got 15
percent more word of mouth. Even mundane products like Ziploc bags and
moisturizer received lots of buzz because people were triggered to think
about them so frequently. People who use moisturizer often apply it at least
once a day. People often use Ziploc bags after meals to wrap up leftovers.
These everyday activities make those products more top of mind and, as a
result, lead them to be talked about more.
Furthermore, not only did triggered products get more immediate word of
mouth, they also got more word of mouth on an ongoing basis.
In this way, Ziploc bags are the antithesis of me going to teach dressed
like a pirate. The pirate story is interesting, but it’s here today, gone
tomorrow. Ziploc bags may be boring, but they get mentioned week in and
week out because they are frequently triggered. By acting as reminders,
triggers not only get people talking, they keep them talking. Top of mind
means tip of tongue.
—————
So rather than just going for a catchy message, consider the context. Think
about whether the message will be triggered by the everyday environments
of the target audience. Going for interesting is our default tendency. Whether
running for class president or selling soda, we think that catchy or clever
slogans will get us where we need to go.
But as we saw in our fruits and vegetables study, a strong trigger can be
much more effective than a catchy slogan. Even though they hated the
slogan, college students ate more fruits and vegetables when cafeteria trays
triggered reminders of the health benefits. Just being exposed to a clever
slogan didn’t change behavior at all.
A few years ago, auto insurance company GEICO ran ads that said
switching to GEICO was so simple that even a caveman could do it. On the
cleverness dimension the ads were great. They were funny and made the
point that switching to GEICO was easy.
But judged on triggers, the ads fail. We don’t see many cavemen in our
daily lives, so the ad is unlikely to come to mind often, making it less likely
to be talked about.
Contrast that with the Budweiser beer “Wassup?” campaign. Two guys are
talking on the phone while drinking Budweiser and watching a basketball
game on television. A third friend arrives. He yells, “Wassup?” One of the
first two guys yells “Wassup?” back. This kicks off an endless cycle of
wassups between a growing number of Budweiser-drinking buddies.
No, it wasn’t the cleverest of commercials. But it became a global
phenomenon. And at least part of its success was due to triggers. Budweiser
considered the context. “Wassup” was a popular greeting among young men
at the time. Just greeting friends triggered thoughts of Budweiser in
Budweiser’s prime demographic.
The more the desired behavior happens after a delay, the more important
being triggered becomes. Market research often focuses on consumers’
immediate reaction to an advertising message or campaign. That might be
valuable in situations where the consumer is immediately offered a chance to
buy the product. But in most cases, people hear an ad one day and then go to
the store days or weeks later. If they’re not triggered to think about it, how
will they remember that ad when they’re at the store?
Public health campaigns would also benefit from considering the context.
Take messages that encourage college students to drink responsibly. While
the messages might be really clever and convincing, they’re posted at the
campus health center, far away from the frat houses or other places where
students actually drink. So while students may agree with the message when
they read it, unless they are triggered to think about it when they are actually
drinking, the message is unlikely to change behavior.
Triggers even shed light on when negative word of mouth has positive
effects. Economist Alan Sorensen, Scott Rasmussen, and I analyzed
hundreds of New York Times book reviews to see how positive and negative
reviews affected book sales.
In contrast to the notion that any publicity is good publicity, negative
reviews hurt sales for some books. But for books by new or relatively
unknown authors, negative reviews increased sales by 45 percent. A book
called Fierce People, for example, got a terrible review. The Times noted
that the author “does not have a particularly sharp eye” and complained that
“the change in tone is so abrupt that the dissonance it creates is almost
distasteful.” Yet sales more than quadrupled after the review.
Triggers explain why. Even a bad review or negative word of mouth can
increase sales if it informs or reminds people that the product or idea exists.
That’s why a sixty-dollar Tuscan red wine saw sales rise by 5 percent after a
prominent wine website described it as “redolent of stinky socks.” It’s also
one reason why the Shake Weight, a vibrating dumbbell that was widely
ridiculed by the media and consumers, went on to do $50 million in sales.
Even negative attention can be useful if it makes products and ideas top of
mind.
KIT KAT AND COFFEE: GROWING THE HABITAT
One product that used triggers brilliantly is Kit Kat.
“Give me a break, give me a break, break me off a piece of that Kit Kat
bar!” Introduced in the United States in 1986, the Kit Kat tune is one of the
most iconic jingles ever made. Sing the first couple of words to almost
anyone over twenty-five and the person can finish the line. Researchers even
deemed it one of the top ten “earworms”—a melody that gets stuck in your
head—of all time. Even more memorable than “YMCA” (take that, Village
People).
But in 2007, Colleen Chorak was tasked with reviving the Kit Kat brand.
In the twenty-plus years since the jingle was first introduced, the brand had
run out of gas. Hershey produces everything from Reese’s Pieces and
Hershey’s Kisses to Almond Joy, Twizzlers, and Jolly Ranchers. With this
huge slate of different items, it’s not surprising that a brand can get lost. And
that is exactly what had happened with Kit Kat. Hershey had floundered
with replacing the “give me a break” campaign. Sales were declining around
5 percent a year, and the brand had contracted considerably. People still
loved the product, but consumer interest was way down.
Colleen needed a way to get consumers to start thinking about the brand
again. To make Kit Kat more top of mind. And given the years of failed new
directions, upper management was unwilling to spend the money to put the
brand back on TV. Any financial support would be modest at best.
So she did some research. Colleen looked at when people actually
consumed Kit Kats. She found two things: consumers often ate Kit Kats to
take a break, and many consumed it in coordination with a hot beverage.
She had an idea.
Kit Kat and coffee.
Colleen pulled the campaign together in a matter of months. Described as
“a break’s best friend,” the radio spots featured the candy bar sitting on a
counter next to a cup of coffee, or someone grabbing coffee and asking for a
Kit Kat. Kit Kat and coffee. Coffee and Kit Kat. The spots repeatedly paired
the two together.
The campaign was a hit.
By the end of the year it had lifted sales by 8 percent. After twelve
months, sales were up by a third. Kit Kat and coffee put Kit Kat back on the
map. The then-$300 million brand has since grown to $500 million.
Many things contributed to the campaign’s success. “Kit Kat and coffee”
has a nice alliteration, and the idea of taking a break to have a Kit Kat fits
well with the existing notion of a coffee break. But I’d like to add one more
reason to the list.
Triggers. “Kit Kat and cantaloupe” is equally alliterative, and break
dancing would also have fitted with the break concept. But coffee is a
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