MoneyWhys. Like most people, I try to avoid signing up for new mailing
lists, but this one actually seemed useful. Last-minute tax tips, responses to
common questions about investing, and an answer (or at least an opinion)
on that age-old question of whether money can really buy happiness. I
signed up.
Now, once a month, Vanguard sends me a short e-mail with useful
information about financial management. One month it was tips on what
homeowner’s insurance actually covers. Another month it provided tips on
using your PC to track personal finances.
To be honest, I don’t read every e-mail Vanguard sends (sorry,
Vanguard), but I end up forwarding many of the ones I do read to people I
know who I think will find them useful. I sent the piece about homeowner’s
insurance to a colleague who just bought a home. I forwarded the piece
about tracking personal finances to a friend who is trying to become more
fiscally responsible. Vanguard nicely packages its expertise into a short,
tight bundle of useful information, and the practical value made me pass it
along. And along the way I’m spreading the word about Vanguard and its
investment expertise.
—————
Useful information, then, is another form of practical value. Helping
people do things they want to do, or encouraging them to do things they
should do. Faster, better, and easier.
As we discussed in the Emotions chapter, our analysis of The New York
Times Most E-Mailed list found that articles about health and education
were some of the most frequently shared. Recipes and reviews of up-and-
coming restaurants were also highly shared. One reason is that these types
of articles all provide useful information. The health section suggests
solutions for people with hearing loss and techniques for boosting mental
fitness in middle age. The education section covers useful programs for
teens and provides insight into the college admissions process. Sharing this
type of content with others enables them to eat, live, and learn better.
Look at the content you’ve been e-mailed over the past few months and
you’ll see similar patterns. Articles about sunscreen brands that Consumer
Reports rated the best, tips to recover quickly from exercise, or hints for
great pumpkin carving design around Halloween. All these things are
useful. Practical advice is shareable advice.
In thinking about why some useful content gets shared more, a couple of
points are worth noting. The first is how the information is packaged.
Vanguard doesn’t send out a rambling four-page e-mail with twenty-five
advice links about fifteen different topics. It sends out a short, one-page
note, with a key header article and three or four main links below it. It’s
easy to see what the main points are, and if you want to find out more, you
can simply click on the links. Many of the most viral articles on The New
York Times and other websites have a similar structure. Five ways to lose
weight. Ten dating tips for the New Year. The next time you’re waiting in
the checkout line at the grocery store, take a look at the magazines and
you’ll see the same idea being applied. Short lists focused around a key
topic.
A cosmetic manufacturer makes a helpful iPhone application for business
travelers. In addition to providing local weather information, it also
provides expert skin care advice that is tailored to those local conditions.
Humidity, rain, and air quality affect your hair and skin, so the application
tells you the right way to respond. This practically valuable information not
only is useful, but also demonstrates the company’s knowledge and
expertise in this domain.
The second key is the audience. Some stories or information have a
broader audience than others. In the United States, at least, more people
follow professional football than follow water polo. Similarly, you probably
have more friends that like American restaurants than like Ethiopian
restaurants.
You might think that content that has a broader audience is more likely to
be shared. A piece about football should be shared more than one about
water polo; a review about a new American restaurant should be passed on
more than a review of a new Ethiopian place. After all, people have way
more friends with whom they could share the article, so shouldn’t it end up
reaching more people overall?
The problem with this assumption, though, is that just because people
can share with more people doesn’t mean they will. In fact, narrower
content may actually be more likely to be shared because it reminds people
of a specific friend or family member and makes them feel compelled to
pass it along. You might have a lot of friends who like American food or
football. But because so many people are interested in that type of thing, no
one person strongly comes to mind when you come across related content.
In contrast, you may have only one friend who cares about Ethiopian
restaurants or water polo, but if you read an article about those topics you
think about your friend right away. And because it seems so uniquely
perfect for her, you feel you have to share it.
So while broadly relevant content could be shared more, content that is
obviously relevant to a narrow audience may actually be more viral.
A NOTE ON TRUTH
You may have heard that vaccines cause autism. If so, you’re not alone. In
1998, a paper was published in a medical journal suggesting that an
immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella could cause autism in
children. Health-related news spreads fast, particularly when it relates to
kids, and soon lots of people were talking about the potential downsides to
vaccines. As a result, childhood vaccination rates decreased.
All this would be good if the link between vaccines and autism were true.
But it’s not. There is no scientific evidence that vaccines cause autism. The
original paper turned out to be a fraud. The doctor who authored it had
manipulated evidence, apparently owing to conflict of interest, and after
being found guilty of serious professional misconduct, lost his medical
license. But even though the information was false, lots of people shared it.
The reason is practical value. People weren’t trying to share false things,
they just heard something they thought was useful and they wanted others’
kids to be safe. But many people didn’t hear the news that the original
report had been discredited, and so they continued to share an incorrect
narrative. Our desire to share helpful things is so powerful that it can make
even false ideas succeed. Sometimes the drive to help takes a wrong turn.
So the next time someone tells you about a miracle cure, or warns about
the health risks of a particular food or behavior, try to verify that
information independently before you pass it on. False information can
spread just as quickly as the truth.
—————
Practical value is about helping. This chapter discussed the mechanics of
value and the psychology of deals, but it’s important to remember why
people share that type of information in the first place. People like to help
one another. We go out of our way to give advice or send others information
that will make them better off. Sure, some of this may be selfish. We think
we’re right and we can’t help but toss our two cents into other people’s
lives. But not all of it is about us. It’s also about altruism, the inherent
goodness of people. We care about others and we want to make their lives
better.
Of the six principles of contagiousness that we discuss in the book,
Practical Value may be the easiest to apply.
Some products and ideas already have lots of Social Currency, but to
build it into a video for a blender takes some energy and creativity. Figuring
out how to create Triggers also requires some effort, as does evoking
emotion. But finding Practical Value isn’t hard. Almost every product or
idea imaginable has something useful about it. Whether it saves people
money, makes them happier, improves health, or saves them time, all of
these things are news you can use. So thinking about why people gravitate
to our product or idea in the first place will give us a good sense of the
underlying practical value.
The harder part is cutting through the clutter. There are lots of good
restaurants and helpful websites, so we need to make our product or idea
stand out. We need to highlight incredible value and use the Rule of 100.
Like Vanguard, we need to package our knowledge and expertise so that
people learn about us while they pass it along. We need to make it clear
why our product or idea is so useful that people just have to spread the
word. News you can use.
6. Stories
The war had raged for ten long years, with no finish in sight. According
to legend, Odysseus devised a cunning plan to end the fruitless siege. The
Greeks built a giant wooden horse and hid their best warriors inside. The
rest of their army then sailed away, pretending to return to their homeland
and leaving the monumental horse behind on the beach.
The Trojans found the horse and dragged it into Troy as a symbol of their
victory. They tied ropes around the beast’s neck and dozens of men set huge
log rollers underneath the wooden body to pull it slowly up from the beach.
Others worked to take down the gate so that the monstrous sculpture could
be dragged inside the city walls.
Once the statue was inside, the Trojans celebrated the end of the decade-
long conflict. They decorated the temples with greenery, unearthed the jugs
of sacrificial wine, and danced to rejoice at the conclusion of their ordeal.
But that night, while the city lay unconscious in drunken slumber, the
Greeks sprang from their hiding place. They slid to the ground, silenced the
sentries, and opened the huge gates to the city. The rest of the Greek army
sailed back under the cover of darkness and soon joined them, easily
walking through the very gates they had fruitlessly assaulted for so many
years.
The city was able to stand a decade of battle, but it could not withstand
an attack from within. Once inside, the Greeks destroyed the town,
decisively ending the Trojan War.
—————
The story of the Trojan Horse has been passed on for thousands of years.
Scientists and historians estimate that the battle took place around 1170 BC,
but the story was not written down until many years later. For centuries the
tale was transmitted orally as an epic poem, spoken or sung to music.
The story reads like a modern-day reality show. It’s full of twists and
turns that include personal vendettas, adultery, and double crosses. Through
a potent mixture of drama, romance, and action, it holds listeners’ interest.
But the story of the Trojan Horse also carries an underlying message:
“Beware of Greeks bearing gifts.” A more general interpretation would be
“never trust your enemies, even when they seem friendly.” In fact it is
exactly when they are making such overtures that you should be especially
suspicious. So the tale of the Trojan Horse is more than just an entertaining
story. It also teaches an important lesson.
Still, if Homer and Virgil had simply wanted to teach people a lesson,
couldn’t they have done it more efficiently? Couldn’t they have gotten right
to the point rather than writing an epic poem with hundreds of lines of
poetry?
Of course. But would the lesson have had the same impact? Probably not.
By encasing the lesson in a story, these early writers ensured that it
would be passed along—and perhaps even be believed more
wholeheartedly than if the lesson’s words were spoken simply and plainly.
That’s because people don’t think in terms of information. They think in
terms of narratives. But while people focus on the story itself, information
comes along for the ride.
STORIES AS VESSELS
Stories are the original form of entertainment. Imagine you were a Greek
citizen in 1000 BC. There was no Internet. No SportsCenter or six o’clock
news. No radio or newspapers. So if you wanted entertainment, stories were
the way to get it. The Trojan Horse, The Odyssey, and other famous tales
were the entertainment of the day. People would gather round a fire, or sit
in an amphitheater, to hear these epic narratives told again and again.
Narratives are inherently more engrossing than basic facts. They have a
beginning, middle, and end. If people get sucked in early, they’ll stay for
the conclusion. When you hear people tell a good story you hang on every
word. You want to find out whether they missed the plane or what they did
with a house full of screaming nine year olds. You started down a path and
you want to know how it ends. Until it does, they’ve captured your
attention.
Today there are thousands of entertainment options, but our tendency to
tell stories remains. We get together around our proverbial campfires—now
water coolers or girls’/guys’ night out—and tell stories. About ourselves
and the things that have happened to us lately. About our friends and other
people we know.
People tell stories for the same reasons they share word of mouth. Some
narratives are about Social Currency. People tell the story of going through
the phone booth to get into Please Don’t Tell because it makes them look
cool and in the know. Other stories are driven by (high arousal) Emotion.
People tell the story of Will It Blend? because they are amazed that a
blender could shred marbles or an iPhone. Practical Value also plays a role.
People share the story of how their neighbor’s dogs got sick after eating a
certain type of chew toy because they want your dog to avoid the same fate.
People are so used to telling stories that they create narratives even when
they don’t actually need to. Take online reviews. They’re supposed to be
about product features. How well a new digital camera worked and whether
the zoom is as good as the company suggests. But this mostly informational
content often ends up being embedded in a background narrative.
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