Causes and Effects of Consumerism
Introduction
Consumerism is the term used to describe the effects of equating personal happiness
with purchasing material possessions and consumption. Today we live in a consumer
culture obsessed world. Consumption encompasses our everyday lives and structures
our everyday agendas. The values, meanings and costs of what we consume have
become an increasing important part of our social and personal experiences. The
main factor enforcing our actions in this way is the news media. The news media is
filled with information about consumption- not only in the form of advertising but
also as news about businesses, lifestyles and economic indicators. However none of
this tells us how we came about as a culture that associates freedom with the
freedom of consuming anything of our choice and as a means of self-fulfillment.
Analyses
Consumerism is not just an issue that has come about in this new age and modern
time it has been around for decades. For the most part, we only become aware of
consumption when it is a problem, when there is environmental degradation caused
by the production of goods in excess and more than we can consume. To understand
this social phenomenon we must first understand the social and historical context of
a consumer society.
All cultures have found meaning in material goods. Objects resemble a social status
or go further than that and have an emotional attachment with ones self. Goods are
not only consumed for there material characteristics, but even more for what they
symbolize- there meanings, associations and there involvement in our self image.
Consumption is not simply the acquiring of products’ predestined meanings. Instead,
it should be seen as a form of social consumer culture. While consumption is an act,
consumer culture is a way of life.
It is quite likely that never before in history has consumption become one of the
central values of a culture. In modern society one learns merely to consume, and
tasteful or appropriate consumption is only one of the numerous choices. It is this
focus on consumption as a central worth that makes us a consumer culture.
Consumption no longer seems to reflect our cultural values; it has itself become a
cultural value. It has entered into the warp and turmoil of this fabric we call modern
life. Every public space, every occasion for public gathering, every creative expression
is seen as an opportunity to encourage more consumption.
To understand how we have become this consumer crazy culture it is important to
understand the humble beginnings of this crazy fixation. Before the industrial
revolution of the eighteenth century, what people consumed was, either goods mad
by family members or a person the consumer has a personal relation with. In early
Europe the form consumerism took place in the weekly markets and seasonal fairs.
The historical pattern in America was somewhat different. Unlike in Europe, where
markets and fairs preceded the development of shops, in America shops emerged as
the customary way of buying and selling in its early colonial period. It was not until
the eighteenth century that markets and fairs became popular in the United States.
Fashion is one of the key elements that fuel consumerism. Fashion not only includes
clothing, but also any object where there is a concern for what is different, new and
improved and which allows us to express our individuality. Fashion is so central to
modern day consumption that it is difficult to imagine a culture in which it is not a
major force. People throughout time have always been interested in the beautiful or
in signs of status and in the pursuit of anything that brings them pleasure or
happiness.
It was during the last quarter of the sixteenth century in England that consumption
first took off amongst the European nobility. This powered to two important
developments. First, Queen Elizabeth the first used the dramatic spectacle of fashion
as a display of government power. Second, she forced social competition among the
nobility by removing them from their locality where they were clearly superior and
forcing them to attend the London court where they had to compete with equals.
Previously consumption had always been a family matter and what benefited the
family the most. But now Elizabethan noblemen began to spend less on their families
and more on themselves to further show there class and status.
Josiah Wedgewood was one of the pioneers in the consumption phase. He had this
new understanding of fashion and the market place. Wedgewood was a
manufacturer and retailer of pottery in the eighteenth century. He was the first to
recognize that if the rich and elite could be induced to adopt fashions, the other
classes would follow soon.
There are only certain societies where it is possible for a fashion to spread to the
higher class to the lower class. Fashion has to be affordable for those in the lower
class and the classes must be close enough with some fluidity between them that
those in the lower class could imagine themselves owing what those in the upper
class have. In England during this period the lower class was eager to possess
whatever the upper class deemed fashionable. Wedgewood understood the immense
financial potential of such a social situation and learnt how he could control it. His
fashion tool was pottery. Wedgewood learned to closely observe what the upper
class was buying in order to predict what direction the lower class consumption
habits would follow through.
Another factor adding to the consumer culture is the portrayal of this culture. In the
United States consumption spurred as a symbol for rebellion rather than a symbol a
homogeneous conformity. Schutte and Ciarlante describe Coca cola, Levis and
Marlboro as symbols of individualism and freedom. Three phrases from Stuart and
Elizabeth Ewens Channels of Desire (1982) which they see as indicative of the recent
tendencies within consumer culture describe it best. ‘Today there is no fashion: there
are only fashions. No rules, only choices. Everyone can be anyone.’ This suggests
there is a war against uniformity, a surplus of difference which results in a loss of
meaning. The repercussion is that we are moving towards a society without fixed
status groups in which the adoption of styles of life which are fixed to specific groups
have been surpassed.
We have been encouraged to buy in order to establish our individuality in a mass-
produced culture. To express our disgust with consumption by more consumption, to
purchase the latest improved traditions. Now people are encouraged to buy to
convey their rejection of homogenized lifestyles. This anti-consumption attitude only
fuels more consumption.
Years ago, many people imagined that life would be idyllic in the 21st century.
Technology would have cured most human short-comings, and there would be
abundance of resources available for all. Population growth and over consumption
underlie many of the invasive environmental and social concerns that humans face
today. Over consumption of our natural resource base is jeopardizing ecosystems
throughout the world. Wealthy nations like the US amount to 20 percent of the
world’s population, yet they use more than 70 percent of the earths resources and
generate an even higher volume of wastes. Some of these wastes are released into
the atmosphere, rivers and oceans, others are land filled or incinerated, a small part is
recycled. The standard notion of economic development envisions the rest of the
worlds population moving progressively up the ladder of mass consumption. Clearly,
the environmental implications of the global spread of mass consumption for
resource use and environmental waste is staggering.
In present times design culture also has greatly been influenced consumerism. Cities
such as Las Vegas have dedicated there entire landscape to advertising to feed the
need of consumerism. For the Utopian design at hand I have targeted the hospitality
sector of the economy which attracts consumers owed to the hectic and fast-paced
life we live today. I have chosen the Singapore Cricket Club for my bar and restaurant.
The design is held together by the concept of network. Taking into consideration that
the bar is the main attraction of a bar and highest revenue earning point in an F&B.
Using the concept of network my design directs all consumers towards the bar.
The bar acts as the main attraction of my design which can be viewed from all levels
and spaces. The unconventional feature of the bar is that it suspends 3000mm from
the ground. As people walk through narrow corridors directing them towards the bar
they are suddenly engulfed by the large open suspending bar and LED lighting
panels from the ceiling going past 3 floors lighting up the entire design and focusing
mainly onto the bar.
The cuckoo club in London is a great example of how the bar acts as a key attraction
in the premises. The entire space communicates glamour, drama and luxury. It
represents a grand, dramatic film set with huge doors sweeping stairs, silk and voile
drapes. The bar acts as a key feature covered entirely in gold sequins, set beneath a
ceiling of diamond pattern panels of LED lighting (acrylic domes set into panels and
then colour-washed across the whole ceiling), fringed with diamante beading. The
lighting is flexible, varying from simulated daylight to pinks and purple in the night.
The second case study chosen is Wine tower bar in UK. A 13 meter high wine tower
forms the alluring centre point of the Radisson SAS Hotel lounge and bar at Stansted
airport. The temperature controlled structure, constructed out of 6.5 tons of
laminated glass, a steel core and a pyramid shaped roof, is fitted with an acrylic rack
filled with 4,000 bottles of red and white wine. The enchantingly lit column not only
serves as a
large open wine rack but also functions as a theatre in which 4 graceful ‘wine angels’
suspended on cables collect the bottles ordered by the guests. With the help of
remote control and computer controlled winches, these women glide effortlessly up
and down, whilst also slipping in a few acrobatics in the between.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Consumer culture has been incredibly successful. Not only has it been
successful in satisfying our needs and desires, but it also has been successful in
redefining what are needs are and expanding our desires. If we accept these desires
as natural or inevitable, then consumer society seems natural and inevitable as well.
Consumerism on the other hand does not only feed our desires but has left this earth
with beyond reconcilable damages. Today are demand for goods is increasing
beyond the capability of what our earth can come up with it. If our greed for
consumption keeps increasing we will have to very soon give up our basic needs
because our demands cannot be kept up with.
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