WHAT SHAPES THE FUTURE OF MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURE
Malaysian agriculture, like those in many countries is shaped by several factors,
viz. (i)
Status of the natural resource base, (ii) Climate change, (iii) Extent of land
degradation, (iv) Advances in science and technology, (v) Urbanization, (vi)
Trade liberalization and commercialization, and (vii) Strategic alliances and
international agreements and conventions. These factors would influence
agricultural development in the country in a holistic manner, although the effect
and intensity of influence of each factor may vary accordingly. Invariably,
agricultural development faces three major global challenges in the new
millennium: (i) Persistence of poverty and food insecurity; (ii) Globalization and
its impact on the eventual transformation of traditional agricultural systems, and
(iii) Continuing and perennial pressure on the deterioration of the natural
resource base. The agricultural production capacity in Malaysia, in effect, will be
tapping three principal sources of growth, viz. (i) Expanding the arable land area;
(ii) Increasing cropping intensity (mostly through irrigation); and (iii) Boosting
yields. This is made possible as Malaysian agricultural landscapes are yet to
approach the ceiling for all the three sources at the local scale. However, the
intrinsic geopolitical unevenly distribution of available land in Sabah, Sarawak
and Peninsular Malaysia coupled with the equally unequal population
concentrations in these regions, and locally-mediated consumer demands for
agricultural produce and inputs reflect the present state of agricultural
development in the country. This present state is echoed by Anon (2003) where
enough unused potential farmland at the regional scale, of which only ca. 11%
(5.78 million ha) of all land is used in crop production. Out of this, ca. 36% of the
arable land to some degree are suitable for crop production and ca. 18.92 million
ha of arable land remains with crop production potential.
Reflections of the regional- or population-mediated pressure needing the
arable land may not have it. This is especially true in the Klang Valley of
Selangor and Federal Territories. In several situations, much of the land also
suffers from (a) ecological fragility and in hilly areas of steep terrain of Sarawak
and Sabah; (b) low fertility in acid sulphate, peat and heavy clay soils; (c) coastal
areas prone to flooding and seepage of saline water; (d) toxicity in ex-tin mining
land, acid sulphate soils; (e) high incidence of disease as exemplified by ex-
pepper land prone to root disease and nematodes; (f) lack of infrastructure in the
rural areas of Sabah, Sarawak, Pahang, and Kelantan. Any attempt to ameliorate
these problem soils requires high investments to be made accessible or disease-
free.
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In Malaysia and elsewhere, the general trend in agriculture production is
usually towards sustainable intensification, as opposed to dependence on land
expansion.
Baki (2006a)
argued that 80% of increments in crop production in
Malaysia come from intensification mediated through higher crop yields,
increased multiple cropping and shorter fallow period. The agricultural production
programme through intensification is intimately linked with the availability of
labour and fertilizer-use efficiency. Labour is a central issue pertaining to the
future of agriculture and its ensuing sustainable development. The general trend
in Malaysia and elsewhere is towards increasing farm labour scarcities due to
rapid migration to urban areas, and increasingly burgeoning populace,
demanding better pay and competition for labour by industrial sectors. Invariably
it follows that intensification of agriculture adds to labour demand and scarcity.
This calls for growing demand for labour-saving technologies.
Baki (2006) suggested three areas that are particularly critical in shapiung
the future of Malaysian agriculture, and these include biotechnology,
technologies capable of supporting sustainable agriculture, and directions of
future research and opportunities for increasing the competitiveness of
agriculture in the country vis-à-vis the neighbouring countries in the ASEAN in
particular and in Asia in general. The employment of a biotechnology tool of
genetic engineering (GE) - a technique which allows genes to be transferred from
one species to another leading to the production of genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) calls for big investments in manpower training and acquiring
the technology through innovative research by the locals. The potential GM crops
in Malaysia include oil palm (Basta® tolerance), papaya and banana (virus
resistance) and rice (IMI Rice)(imidazolinone resistance). In 2003, scientists at
the Malaysian Palm Oil Board has successfully produced a GM oil palm using the
microprojectile bormbardment method which made it possible to produce oil palm
with value added fatty acids and novel metabolites through genetic engineering
(Kadir 2003). The rice breeders in the Malaysian Agricultural Research Institute
(MARDI) through conventional breeding have produced five imidazolinone
tolerant lines purification and evaluation for resistance against the major pests
and diseases. The locally developed herbicide tolerant rice (HTR) cultivars are
expected to be released to rice farmers in the off-season 2009 or 2010. Further
evaluations on yield, agronomic performances and physical and chemical
properties of the grain, including nutritive constituents are being made. Our
immediate concern is the possible introgression of undesirable genes from HTR
cultivars to weedy rices, making the later resistant to imidazolinone herbicides. If
this happens, then our weedy rices will become “super-weeds” and the
insurmountable problems associated with them are likely to prevail.
Of course the production of GM crops needs to overcome the species
barrier and utilization of genetic tools giving GE tremendous power but so
controversial not only to consumers but also to the unknown and untold effects to
the environment. Moreover, there is a continuous debate and general concern
and implications on health, environment, socio-economic, and ethics. Again the
Malaysian initiatives on these crops have not to date overcome the socio-
economic and ethical barrier that may influence the local and overseas markets
for these products.
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There are emerging issues associated with GM crops that Malaysia either
as an importing consumer nation or a potential producer need to address or be
concerned of. These include (i) Coexistence: cultivation of conventional, organic
agriculture and GM crops; (ii) Labeling: detection limits and traceability of
adventitious presence of GM materials; (iii) Liability and redress: the needs to
consider their legal system and relevant international agreements; and (iv)
Pharming: production of pharmaceutical products in plants, e.g. vaccines in
bananas. In effect, the welfare of farming community together with the
consumers at large in Malaysia are affected by the way policy makers and
advisors, and funding agencies conduct themselves and their policies with
respect to the adherence of an integrated multi-disciplinary research approach in
biological sciences including genetic engineering along side conventional
breeding and agronomy, but also the socio-economic context where farming
occurs. This is where the societal goals of agriculture would have the greatest
impact on the society.
Regardless of the emerging technologies and issues associated with
sustainable agricultural development in the country hinges very much on future
trends and expansion of conservation technologies comprising (i) Good
Agricultural Practices (GAP); (ii) Integrated Production Systems; (iii) Integrated
Pest Management (IPM); (iv) Integrated Plant Nutrient System (IPNS); (iv) No
Till/Conservation Agriculture (NT/CA); (v) Organic Agriculture; and (vi) Urban and
Peri-Urban Agriculture.
Two other central factors that may shape the future of agricultural
development in Malaysia include irrigation and water availability. These are
especially crucial to food production and supplies in Malaysia. The National
Water Board envisaged that the states of Perlis, Penang, Selangor, Federal
Territory K. Lumpur, Malacca, and Negeri Sembilan may face water shortage in
2030, and this calls for greater efficiency in water use. This is echoed by Baki
(2006) who argued that access to water and food security are dramatically linked.
In the Klang Valley in Selangor and the Federal Territories, population pressure
aggravates the water situation further.
Other important factors that may also shape the future of agricultural
development in Malaysia, inter-alia, include the continuing urbanization, trade
liberalization, and commercialization of agriculture-related activities in the
country. The increasingly burgeoning, affluent and urbanized Malaysians require
rapid growth in urban food demand; diversification of diets towards high-value
food products; transformation of food production and delivery systems, and
increased resource competition and conflict for land, water, and labour. Further,
trade liberation in world trade hinges very much on binding international
agreements, viz. WTO Agreement on Globalization and Trade Liberalization;
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture;
International Plant Protection Convention; Rotterdam Convention; Agreement on
the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures; the Cartagena Protocol
on Bio-safety; the Codex Alimentarius, and the Code of Conduct for Distribution
and Use of Pesticides. These international agreements would have
consequential effects on the way agricultural activities/industries are conducted,
including (i) access to, and transfer of plant genetic materials and technologies;
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(ii) prevention on spread and introduction and control of pests of plants and
plant products; (iii) export and import of hazardous substances; (iv) protection of
human or animal life or health from risks arising from additives, contaminants,
toxins or disease-causing organisms in foods, beverages or feedstuffs; (v)
precautionary approach to protect Malaysia for their biodiversity resources; (vi)
protecting the health of consumers and ensuring fair practices in the food trade;
and (vii) establishment of Code of Conduct with strict adherence of protocols on
the distribution and use of pesticide; although these are already adopted by
some pesticide companies. One way to overcome these binding international
agreements is to develop a win-win strategic alliances and international
agreements and conventions either bilaterally or with trading partners within the
contexts of (i) World Trade Organization (WTO); (ii) United Nations Conventions
on Biological Diversity (UNCBD);(iii) Climate Change and Combating
Diversification (CCCD); (iv) International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC); (v)
Rotterdam Convention; and (vi) International Treaty of Plant Genetic Resources
for Food and Agriculture.
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