International Journal of Molecular Biology
ISSN: 0976-0482 & E-ISSN: 0976-0490, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2015, pp.-112-123.
Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000235
AL-GHANEM S.M.S.*
Department of biology, College of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
*Corresponding Author: Email- s-alghanem@ut.edu.sa
Received: July 20, 2015; Revised: September 29, 2015; Accepted: October 01, 2015
Citation: Al-Ghanem S.M.S. (2015) Phylogenetic Relationship Studies on the Genus Limonium Mill. Plumbaginaceae from Saudi Arabia Using
its Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA. International Journal of Molecular Biology, ISSN: 0976-0482 & E-ISSN: 0976-0490, Volume 6, Issue
1, pp.-112-123.
Copyright: Copyright©2015 Al-Ghanem S.M.S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
International Journal of Molecular Biology
ISSN: 0976-0482 & E-ISSN: 0976-0490, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2015
Abstract- In Saudi Arabia, the family Plumbaginaceae is represented by two species: Limonium and Plumbago. The genus Limonium is
represented by four species (i.e. Limonium axillare, L. carnosum, L. cylindrifolium, and L. lobatum). Out of these L. carnosum is endemic to
Saudi Arabia. A perusal of taxonomic literature on Limonium reveals that the molecular evolutionary relationships of the species of Limoni-
um distributed in Saudi Arabia is lacking. Owing to enormous phylogenetic significance of internal transcribed spacer sequence (ITS) of
nuclear ribosomal DNA [-a gene which is now a day considered as better than its reputation, this study was undertaken with a aim to estab-
lish evolutionary relationships of the genus Limonium distributed in Saudi Arabia based on nrDNA ITS nucleotide sequences.
The combined length of the entire ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) from taxa sequenced in the present study ranged from 599-618 nucleo-
tides. The length of the ITS1 region and GC contents ranged from 201-203 nucleotides and 45-50% respectively, the 5.8S gene was 161-
163 nucleotides long, the length of the ITS2 region and the GC content ranged from 233-253 nucleotides and 48-51% respectively. The
aligned data matrix has a total number of 670 characters of which 256 characters were constant, 255 characters were variable but parsimo-
ny-uninformative and 159 characters were parsimony-informative. Insertions and deletions (indels) were necessary to align the sequences.
Indels ranged from 1 to 52 bp.
In the present study, Limonium axillare, L. cylndrifolium, L. carnosum, and L. lobatum were sequenced, and analysed together with the tax-
on from 1. Sect. Limonium Subsections Densiflorae, 2. Sect. Limonium Subsections Steirocladae, 3. Sect. Limonium Subsections Hyalolepi-
dae, 4. Sect. Limonium Subsections Limonium, 5. Sect. Limonium Subsections Dissitiflorae, 6. Sect. Polyarthrion, 7. Sect. Schizhymenium.
The parsimony analysis (using PAUP) of the entire ITS region resulted in to 1280 maximally parsimonious trees (MPTs) with a total length
of 480 steps, a consistency index (CI) of 0.754 (0.730) excluding uninformative characters), a homoplasy index (HI) of 0.456 (0.432 HI ex-
cluding uninformative characters), rescaled consistency index (RC) of 0.579 and a retention index (RI) of 0.767.
The resulted phylogenetic tree clearly reveals that the largest section of the genus (section Limonium) does not constitute a monophyletic
assemblage. Limonium carnosum clade with Limonium narbonense and Limonium vulgare (Sect. Limonium, Subsections Limonium); L.
cylindrifolium and L. axillare which has been previously placed in Sect. Limonium, Subsections Limonium doesnot nested within its clade of
own, rather were found base of the phylogenetic tree. Limonium lobatum which has been previously based on morphology have been
placed in Section Pteroclados, subsection Pdontolepideae, occupied basal most position in the phylogenetic tree. A perusal of all trees
(Strict Consensus Tree, Bootstrap Strict Consensus Tree and NJ tree) clearly indicates that Limonium carnosum included in this study from
geographic region Saudi Arabia, phylogenetically very closely related with Limonium narbonense and Limonium vulgare. It is also clearly
evident that L. cylindrifolium and L. axillare does not nested deeply within the phylogenetic tree, rather were found at the base of the phylo-
genetic tree and L. lobatum occupies most basal position in phylogenetic tree. Limonium cylindrifolium and Limonium axillare shows sister
relationships; however, in ITS sequences both these two species differs in 5 base pairs addition in ITS2 region. Therefore, ITS2 secondary
structure for these two species, and additionally all taxon included in the analysis were predicted to bring molecular morphological signature
of the Limonium distributed in Saudi Arabia.
This is the first report of inferring the nrDNA ITS based phylogenetic relationships and establishment of molecular signature of the Limonium
distributed in Saudi Arabia. Since, the majority of the species of the genus Limonium is yet to be sequence; the present study will neverthe-
less help in bringing the complete phylogeny of the genus.
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