Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Naval Medical Center
San Diego, James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Naval
Health Research Center, the Department of the Army, the Department of
the Navy, the Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
or the U.S. Government.
doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-16-00279
MILITARY MEDICINE, Vol. 181, November/December Supplement 2016
3
individuals with severe combat-related injuries. Together, the
DoD and VA launched efforts to create these systems by
both building upon existing resources and acquiring new
capabilities in partnerships with academic institutions, veteran
service organizations, industry, and other federal agencies.
DoD Clinical Care
In 2001, the U.S. Army designated Walter Reed Army Medical
Center, now Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
(WRNMMC), as the
flagship location to provide extremity
trauma and amputee care for the U.S. military. In 2003, the
U.S. Army established the Armed Forces Amputee Patient
Care Program to provide state-of-the-art surgical and rehabil-
itative care to patients with limb loss.
3
This program lever-
aged resources and subject-matter experts across the Military
Health System to optimize patient outcomes. By 2007, the
DoD had established three state-of-the-art Advanced Reha-
bilitation Centers (ARCs) to provide clinical rehabilitative
care services and promote a return to high-level function: the
Military Advanced Training Center (MATC) at WRNMMC,
the Center for the Intrepid at San Antonio Military Medical
Center (SAMMC), and the Comprehensive Combat and
Complex Casualty Care (C5) Program at the Naval Medical
Center San Diego. These DoD ARCs continue to deliver
coordinated, patient-centered care and management through
interdisciplinary teams.
4
VA Clinical Care
The VA health care system has well-established clinical
rehabilitation programs for veterans experiencing a myriad
of disabling conditions, including spinal cord injury, neuro-
degenerative diseases, mental health conditions, stroke, brain
injury, low vision/blindness, and limb loss. While the major-
ity of all veterans with amputation experienced new limb
loss secondary to vascular disease and diabetes, the VA pro-
vides a lifelong continuum of care for patients with both
disease- and trauma-related amputation.
5
As a result of injuries
suffered during OEF/OIF/OND, there was an increase in the
number of veterans with combat-related limb loss seen by the
VA. Of those, 50% also sustained concomitant traumatic
brain, peripheral nerve, spinal cord, soft tissue, and/or psy-
chological injuries such as post-traumatic stress disorder.
6
This combination of multiple injuries resulting from the
same traumatic event was termed
“polytrauma” by the VA
for the purpose of de
fining the system of care services that
would be needed as combat operations continued.
7
Public
Law 108
–422, also known as the Veterans Health Programs
Improvement Act of 2004, charged the VA to create
“centers
for research, education, and clinical activities on complex
multi-trauma associated with combat injuries.
”
8
In 2005, the
Polytrauma System of Care (PSC) was established in con-
junction with the designation of four Polytrauma Rehabili-
tation Centers (PRCs). The PSC is an integrated network
of specialized rehabilitation programs dedicated to serving
veterans and service members with both combat- and civilian-
related traumatic brain injury and polytrauma injuries, includ-
ing limb loss.
In 2008, emulating the PSC model, the VA established
an Amputation System of Care (ASoC). The ASoC is com-
mitted to delivering a full range of amputation care and
rehabilitation services, including use of telehealth technolo-
gies, to more than 80,000 veterans who have sustained an
amputation.
9
The ASoC consists of a hub-and-spoke system
made up of 4 care components: 7 Regional Amputation
Centers (RACs), 18 Polytrauma Amputation Network Sites
(PANS), 108 Amputation Care Teams (ACTs), and Amputa-
tion Points of Contact (APoC) across the United States and
Puerto Rico.
5
DoD-VA Research Scope and Partnerships
The need for innovative surgical and rehabilitation technolo-
gies and treatment strategies increased exponentially because
of severe injuries sustained by service members throughout
recent con
flicts. In response to this demand, research pro-
grams within the DoD and VA redirected efforts toward car-
ing for the combat wounded. These programs broadened
their research scope to include traumatic brain injury, blast-
related sensory loss, amputation, polytrauma, and the devel-
opment of advanced prosthetics for combat-injured service
members. These efforts were not performed in isolation
—
multiple partnerships and collaborations across federal agen-
cies, academic institutions, and industry were created and/or
expanded to address growing clinical needs. The DoD and
VA increased collaborative efforts in many clinical research
areas and coauthored a
“guidebook” that provides sugges-
tions for identifying collaborators with common research
goals, summarizes administrative and funding mechanisms,
and identi
fies procedures for establishing collaborations.
10
DoD Research Support
One core source of research support within the DoD is
the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
(USAMRMC) Congressionally Directed Medical Research
Programs (CDMRP), which provides Defense Medical
Research and Development Program (DMRDP) execution
management support for the six Defense Health Program
core research program areas ($452.6 million
fiscal year [FY]
2010
–2015, estimated $299.6 million FY 2016).
11
Each
major research program area is guided by a Joint Program
Committee (JPC) comprised of DoD and non-DoD medical
and military technical experts who translate guidance into
research and development needs. They also have key respon-
sibilities for making funding recommendations and provid-
ing program management support.
The EACE research efforts are most closely aligned with
Joint Program Committee-8/Clinical and Rehabilitative Medi-
cine Research Program (JPC-8/CRMRP), which seeks to
find,
evaluate, and fund cutting-edge research in reconstruction,
MILITARY MEDICINE, Vol. 181, November/December Supplement 2016
4
EACE: Overview of the Research and Surveillance Division
rehabilitation, and de
finitive care to improve outcomes,
restore function, return to duty, and improve QoL for injured
service members.
12,13
Currently, research sponsored by the
JPC-8/CRMRP ($180 million FY 2015) is focused on the
following key areas: Neuromusculoskeletal Injury Rehabilita-
tion, Pain Management, Regenerative Medicine, and Sensory
Systems Traumatic Injury.
13
JPC-8/CRMRP funding comes from Army and Defense
Health Program core dollars as well as Congressional Spe-
cial Interest (CSI) program monies that are appropriated by
Congress and executed by the CDMRP. Three CSI-af
filiated
research programs closely align with the mission of the EACE
and include the Orthotics and Prosthetics Outcomes Research
Program (OPORP) ($10 million FY 2016),
14
Peer Reviewed
Orthopaedic Research Program (PRORP) ($30 million FY
2016),
15
and Reconstructive Transplant Research Program
(RTRP) ($12 million FY 2016).
16
VA Research Support
In parallel to the DoD research programs, the VA Of
fice of
Research and Development (ORD) is an intramural, veteran-
centric research program conducted throughout the VA
health care system. For more than 90 years, ORD has had
the mission
“to discover knowledge and create innovations
that advance health care for Veterans and the Nation.
” In
support of this mission, ORD
’s Rehabilitation Research and
Development (RR&D) Service supports and integrates pre-
clinical, clinical, and applied rehabilitation research and
seeks to translate research results into practice.
RR&D program areas most relevant to the EACE mission
include regenerative medicine ($26 million FY 2015), muscu-
loskeletal/orthopedic rehabilitation ($141 million FY 2015),
and rehabilitation engineering prosthetics/orthotics ($80 million
FY 2015). Supported clinical and preclinical studies span
research domains ranging from improvements in foundational
science techniques and systems to prevention and screening,
treatment, and follow-up care. These programs within DoD
and VA are some of the past and current funding streams
for studies worked on by the EACE researchers.
THE EXTREMITY TRAUMA AND AMPUTATION
CENTER OF EXCELLENCE
Over the past decade, DoD and VA realized a need to
strengthen clinical and research ties between the two depart-
ments to reduce redundancy and maximize the impact of
collective efforts. Pursuant to these complementary efforts,
Congress directed the establishment of the EACE in 2008.
Governance is jointly provided by the Army Surgeon General
as the DoD lead component and the Director of the Rehabili-
tation and Prosthetics Service within the Veterans Health
Administration
’s (VHA) Office of Patient Care Services. At
the time of writing, 41 EACE-funded staff members (37 DoD
and 4 VA) are structured across 4 divisions of effort. These
divisions include Clinical Affairs, Clinical Informatics and
Technology, Global Outreach, and Research and Surveillance
(R&S; Fig. 1).
The Clinical Affairs Division provides many deliverables
and functions, including continuing medical education and
training, assistance with the translation of current research
findings into clinical practice through clinical practice guide-
lines,
17,18
and clinical policies for DoD and VA.
Through the Clinical Informatics and Technology Division,
the EACE is developing the Defense and Veterans Extremity
Trauma and Amputation Registry (DVEAR), an integrated health
registry to support clinical care and research. The DVEAR will
support the management of data and information reporting
throughout DoD and integrate data from VA
’s existing ampu-
tation repository. The DVEAR will capture and quantify key
demographic, socioeconomic, and polymorbid characteristics,
as well as outcomes of service members and veterans affected
by traumatic extremity injury and amputation.
The Global Outreach Division strengthens international
relationships through the DoD Secretarial Designation Pro-
gram, which authorizes provision of amputation care for
non-DoD bene
ficiaries. The EACE also serves as a resource
for coalition nations desiring to enhance their extremity
trauma and amputation care capability by providing patient
consultation and developing plans for facilities and services.
Research and Surveillance Division
The EACE R&S Division implemented a comprehensive
plan to conduct clinically relevant research, including the
hiring of clinical researchers, the establishment of collabora-
tions and partnerships, and the identi
fication of clinical
research gaps. The EACE R&S Division consists of 26 core
team members embedded at point of care within the three
ARCs; the Navy Health Research Center, San Diego; and the
James A. Haley Veterans
’ Hospital, Tampa (Fig. 2). The
EACE core and af
filiated researchers (e.g., those from aca-
demic and industrial settings) work collaboratively to identify
and answer clinically relevant questions through externally
funded research projects (Fig. 3). Together, they have been
successful in receiving support from aforementioned research
programs like CDMRP, JPC-8/CRMRP, and RR&D. In addi-
tion, the EACE core and af
filiated researchers have conducted
research projects with support from the National Institutes of
Health, the Of
fice of Naval Research, the U.S. Navy Bureau
of Medicine and Surgery, the Center for Rehabilitation Sci-
ences Research, and the Bridging Advanced Developments
for Exceptional Rehabilitation (BADER) Consortium.
The EACE R&S Division embraces an evidence-based
framework for clinical decision-making
19,20
by gathering
information from clinicians, patients, and research literature to
identify high-priority areas for investigation. An initial clinical
needs assessment conducted in 2012 by the EACE leadership
identi
fied four key research focus areas for investigations
relevant to extremity trauma and amputation: (1) Novel
MILITARY MEDICINE, Vol. 181, November/December Supplement 2016
5
EACE: Overview of the Research and Surveillance Division
Rehabilitation Interventions, (2) Advanced Prosthetic and
Orthotic Technologies, (3) Epidemiology and Surveillance,
and (4) Medical and Surgical Innovations.
Novel Rehabilitation Interventions
The EACE researchers are executing studies aimed at devel-
oping and determining the most ef
ficacious treatment inter-
ventions for optimizing an individual
’s level of function and
reintegration back to military and/or civilian communities
while mitigating comorbidities and secondary health effects.
These interventions are speci
fic to impairments, functional
limitations, activity restrictions, and assistive devices.
One such EACE-supported intervention focuses on pre-
venting falls in service members with transtibial amputations
through advanced rehabilitation training using a microprocessor-
controlled treadmill.
21
The study demonstrated a signi
ficant
improvement in stumbles and falls. After receiving the
advanced rehabilitation training, 60% of the subjects (
N = 11)
reported a decrease in stumbles and falls, and all subjects
reported that their uncontrolled falls had decreased to zero.
This reduction of stumbles and falls was maintained over the
6-month follow-up period.
The EACE researchers have also used high-end virtual reality
environments (Computer Assisted Rehabilitation ENviron-
ment, Motekforce Link) to develop task-speci
fic assessments
and treatment interventions related to participation in military
and civilian activities. Assessment applications were created
to quantify function and identify de
ficits related to walking
stability and mechanics during perturbations,
22,23
cognitive
tasks,
24
and/or
military-speci
fic tasks.
24
Investigational
treatment interventions within the virtual reality environments
include utilization of direct and indirect visual feedback
during gait, visual-vestibular habituation techniques,
24
and
military task-speci
fic rehabilitation.
The EACE researchers are collaborating with industry and
academic partners to leverage motion-tracking game technol-
ogy to extend virtual reality therapy into patients
’ homes through
interactive and entertaining game experiences. Finally, while
FIGURE 1.
EACE organization chart showing the four divisions, research sites, and supporting organizations.
MILITARY MEDICINE, Vol. 181, November/December Supplement 2016
6
EACE: Overview of the Research and Surveillance Division
many inventions focus on functional limitations and participa-
tion restrictions, new studies are looking at strategies such as
blood-
flow restriction resistance training to increase muscular
strength. Through this form of training, individuals may be
able to experience muscular strength and hypertrophic gains
at a lower resistance than conventionally employed.
25
The
EACE researchers are investigating whether lower resistance
with blood-
flow restriction should reduce the pain associated
with rehabilitation, increase patient compliance, and result in
greater strength gains at discharge. Preliminary results in the
lower extremities are promising and clinical trials for individ-
uals with upper limb injures are planned.
Advanced Prosthetic and Orthotic Technologies
Following the physical or functional loss of their limb(s),
service members and veterans are often reliant on prosthetic
and orthotic devices to return to activities of daily living,
recreation, and occupation. Throughout the recent con
flicts,
advances in technology have led to the availability of novel
devices such as improved microprocessor-controlled prosthe-
ses, active power-producing prostheses, myoelectric-controlled
prostheses, and exoskeletal orthoses. The functional demand
and complexity of these systems necessitated studies to exam-
ine the ef
ficacy of advanced prosthetic and orthotic devices,
speci
fically ease of fitting and operation, improved safety and/or
function, and optimal prescription parameters to meet speci
fic
patient needs. The EACE researchers leveraged advanced
assessment tools within the three ARCs and the James A. Haley
Veterans
’ Hospital to amass nearly a decade worth of data from
patients who use advanced prosthetic and orthotic devices.
These efforts have contributed to a global medical body
of knowledge on emerging and maturing prosthetic tech-
nologies, such as myoelectric upper-limb prostheses,
26,27
microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees,
28
–31
powered pros-
thetic knees,
31
and powered prosthetic ankle-foot systems.
32
–34
The underlying intent of these investigations was to determine
if the technologies provide bene
fit to patient function across a
FIGURE 2.
EACE Research and Surveillance Division
’s research personnel positions at DoD and VA sites.
MILITARY MEDICINE, Vol. 181, November/December Supplement 2016
7
EACE: Overview of the Research and Surveillance Division
variety of activities including level-ground gait,
35
slope
36
–40
and stair ambulation,
28,38,41
–44
walking during destabilizing
conditions,
22,23,45
–48
transitions from standing,
31
and common
activities of daily living.
26
Since many service members
with amputation are young and
fit at the time of injury, the
EACE researchers have re-examined factors that may in
flu-
ence function later in life, such as metabolic costs
49
–52
and
stability
21,22,30,45,46,48,53,54
during gait. Previous literature
often describes older groups of dysvascular amputees. How-
ever, this cohort does not offer adequate comparisons for
young, blast-related traumatic amputees. Studies conducted
with this younger population of amputees provide reference
data and begin to establish the prevalence and predictive
factors that may lead to the onset of secondary health con-
ditions later in life, like low back pain,
55,56
cardiovascular
disease,
57
and osteoarthritis.
58
For example, factors such as
asymmetric limb loading
35
and short residual limb lengths
49
may impact long-term outcomes and the prescription of pros-
thetic devices.
New orthotic technologies also continue to emerge. The
Intrepid Dynamic Exoskeletal Orthosis (IDEO) is a carbon
fiber ankle-foot orthosis developed at the Center for the
Intrepid. It is designed to support ankle and foot structures
in a posture that minimizes pain while also storing energy
before releasing it at push off. It is prescribed to those with
functional limb loss following severe injury to muscle,
nerve, or bone.
59
Through collaborative efforts in research
and education, this orthosis is now available for service
members, veterans, and the private sector. Current and future
research efforts with the IDEO focus on determining optimal
device properties
60
–63
and evaluating patient function during
both recreational and military-speci
fic activities.
64,65
Epidemiology and Surveillance
Researchers in the Epidemiology and Surveillance research
focus area track service members and veterans with severe
limb trauma and amputation to evaluate the effectiveness of
treatment inventions and to monitor subsequent short- and
long-term health and QoL outcomes. This initiative is imper-
ative to thoroughly characterize patients and their responses
to care and also to identify predictors of optimal rehabilitation
outcomes. Descriptive characteristics, prevalence, and inci-
dence of short- and long-term secondary conditions, health
care utilization, QoL, and the resulting economic impact are
all quanti
fiable factors that EACE stakeholders may use to
guide health care policy and direct resources to facilitate opti-
mal outcomes. While providing a continuously evolving view
of the extremity trauma and amputation population, research
in the Epidemiology and Surveillance research focus area
informs, supports, and uni
fies efforts throughout the R&S
Division lines of research.
The need for comprehensive outcome measures that can
assess high-level mobility and agility has encouraged collab- Dostları ilə paylaş: |