D) It is caused by the release of heat (thermal energy) into the environment, which results
in ecological stress because species vary in their tolerance of temperature extremes.
Thermal stress may occur at natural springs and submarine vents where geologically
heated water is emitted. It is also associated with discharges of hot water from power
plants
E) It is caused by excessive exposure to ionizing energy. The radiation may be emitted by
nuclear waste or explosions, or it can be diagnostic X-rays or solar ultraviolet energy
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