form ‘ajtshy’ (‘tell me’). But it has to be noted that this verb is a part of a
formula of the scripted verb game. The other seven verbs are grammatically
marked as 1st person plural (‘we-view’). Such a reliance on verbs referring to a
joint activity seems to indicate that babies are not actually viewed as
independent agents. This differs considerably from verb use with the older
child, where out of 16 uses of verbs (all in Russian), only two tokens referring
to a joint activity are in ‘we-view’, and this particular use happens when there
is a direct threat of a tantrum to be averted. The rest of the time the adult
separates himself from the child by ascribing him grammatical agency (‘I’ vs.
‘you’).
To sum up, the interactional data presented in this paper seems to suggest
that languages are associated with different subjectivities. The metapragmatic
typification of Kazakh as linked to talking with a non-agentive baby emerges
through the semiotic process of enregisterment of Kazakh to Baby Talk. Such
an association predictably leads to the diminishment of Kazakh from the child-
directed talk when the time comes to move beyond the Baby Talk register.
CONCLUSION
The way that caregivers interact with young children is determined by how they
‘project culturally ratified subjectivities’ (Solomon 2011: 122) and ‘envision
children’s expected development, including the communicative skills they expect
the child to attain at different developmental milestones’ (Ochs, Solomon and
Sterponi 2005: 548). Analysis of the baby-directed talk presented in this paper
suggests that caregivers in Kazakh urban homes project young children as
speakers of Russian. This ideology shapes the practice of enregistering Kazakh to
the Baby Talk: in the local notion of personhood Russian is strongly associated
with autonomous agency while Kazakh is associated with a lack of agency. This
finding allows us to draw attention to the key role of the caregiver’s bilingual
language practices in the process of language shift. It demonstrates how, despite
families’ aspiration to raise bilingual children, certain multilingual practices, like
restricting a language to a particular register, can discourage young children’s
multilingualism and devalue the language at the same time as they provide
preverbal children with direct input.
The language socialization perspective has made a huge contribution to our
understanding of language shift. There is ample evidence that in a situation of
language contact, languages are valued and used differently since they are
‘embedded in some of form of social hierarchy’ (Duranti, Ochs and Schieffelin
2011: 487). As children and novices socialize to use language, through
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