we get suspicious : Marian Friestad and Peter Wright, “The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion
Attempts,” Journal of Consumer Research 21 (1994): 1–31; Jack Brehm, A Theory of Psychological Reactance (New York:
Academic Press, 1966); and John Biondo and A. P. MacDonald Jr., “Internal-External Locus of Control and Response to
Influence Attempts,” Journal of Personality 39 (1971): 407–419.
self-persuasion : Elliot Aronson, “The Power of Self-Persuasion,” American Psychologist 54 (1999): 875–884.
intention questions : Patti Williams, Gavan Fitzsimons, and Lauren Block, “When Consumers Do Not Recognize ‘Benign’ Intention
Questions and Persuasion Attempts,” Journal of Consumer Research 31 (2004): 540–550.
Don Lane : Personal interviews (December 16, 2011, and March 30, 2012).
talking tentatively : Alison R. Fragale, “The Power of Powerless Speech: The Effects of Speech Style and Task Interdependence on
Status Conferral,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 101 (2006): 243–261; see also Uma R.
Karmarkar and Zakary L. Tormala, “Believe Me, I Have No Idea What I’m Talking About: The Effects of Source Certainty on
Consumer Involvement and Persuasion,” Journal of Consumer Research 36 (2010): 1033–1049.
Disclaimer : Amani El-Alayli, Christoffer J. Myers, Tamara L. Petersen, and Amy L. Lystad, “I Don’t Mean to Sound Arrogant,
But . . . The Effects of Using Disclaimers on Person Perception,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (2008): 130–
143.
Barton Hill : Personal interview (March 19, 2012).
psychologists in California : Cameron Anderson and Gavin J. Kilduff , “Why Do Dominant Personalities Attain Influence in Face-to-
Face Groups? The Competence-Signaling Effects of Trait Dominance,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96
(2009): 491–503.