participants rate their feelings of hunger throughout the day. The second
technique was by collecting blood samples to look at the levels of appetite-
regulating hormones in participants' blood – such as leptin (which helps us
feel full) and ghrelin (which makes us feel hungry).
These hormones were assessed hourly over a 24-hour period during the third
and sixth day of each trial. To assess the effect of meal timing on daily energy
expenditure, a technique called "indirect calorimetry" was used. This
measures both the amount of oxygen a person uses alongside the amount of
carbon dioxide they produce.
This helps researchers estimate how many calories a person's
body uses
throughout a normal day. To examine how late night eating affects the way
the body stores fat on a molecular level, the researchers performed a biopsy
on fat tissue taken from the abdomen. Only half of the participants agreed to
this.
The team found that compared to an early eating pattern, late eating not only
increased subjective feelings of hunger the following day, it also increased
the ratio of "hunger" hormones in the blood – despite participants eating an
identical diet in both protocols. Late eating also caused a decrease in the
number of calories burned the following day. In the participants who did the
fat tissue biopsy, late eating was also shown to cause molecular changes that
promote fat storage.
Together, these results indicate that late
eating leads to a number of
physiological and molecular changes that,
over time, could lead to weight
gain.
Potential
for weight gain
While we don't fully understand all of the mechanisms underlying why late
night eating promotes weight gain, this study shows us that it's probably the
result of many factors working together. One
theory for why eating late
causes weight gain could be due to our circadian rhythm. The human body
has a natural circadian rhythm, which is controlled by the brain to influence
the normal ebb and flow of hormones. It's particularly responsive to daylight
and food intake.
Time of eating is intrinsically linked to the circadian rhythm in humans, as
we normally sleep when it's dark out and eat when it's daylight. When we eat
late, this could challenge the natural circadian rhythm, causing disruptions
to the body's hunger signals and the way it uses calories and stores fat.
However, this link has only been shown in studies on animals thus far.
Given the new study was only conducted on a limited number of participants
and over a very short time frame, more research will be needed to further
understand whether these changes are only temporary, and what affect long-
term late night eating can have on these weight gain mechanisms. But we do
know from other studies that people who tend to eat late in the evening also
tend to gain weight more easily.
Other large-scale studies looking at the relationship between disturbances in
meal timing on energy balance (such
as skipping breakfast, late night eating
and shift work) have found these patterns of eating were linked to higher
body weight and greater risk of metabolic disorders (such as high blood
pressure or type 2 diabetes).
This study adds to a growing body of evidence showing just how important
meal timing can be when it comes to body weight. Based on what this and
other studies have shown, people who are watching their weight may want
to ditch the late night snacks and favor of eating most of their meals earlier
in the day.