Primary Education School Life in Uzbekistan Education in Uzbekistan

EDUCATION SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN.
Plan:
1. Primary education in Great Britain.
2. Secondary education in Great Britain.
3. Higher and Further education in Great Britain.
The system of public education in England and Wales had developed piecemeal over more than a hundred years. It is a complicated system, full of confusing details, and there are wide variations between one part of the country and another. Though It is supposed to provide equality of opportunity for all, it, in fact, sustains inequality at every stage. It is class-divided and selective. The first division is between those who pay and who do not pay , the second , between those selected for an intellectual training and those not so selected.
Schools in England and universities throughout Great Britain are the responsibility of the Secretary of State for Education and Science.
Under the Act, the Secretary of State is responsible for securing the “ effective execution” of the “national policy” . in other words the Secretary of State does not control directly, but acts at one remove.
School education is determined by the local education authorities. These elected bodies are required, under the 1944 Act to provide education in three successive stages ( primary, secondary and further ) and to “ contribute towards the spiritual, moral, mental and physical development of the the community “ by ensuring that “ efficient education throughout these stages shall be available to meet the needs of the population “.
Beyond those general principles , local education authorities decide on the size and, generally the organization of schools. They prescribe the level of text-books allowances. They make decisions on a whole lot of the non-statutory extras. They can employ extra teachers on a part-time basis.
Parallel to the state system, there is a private education system of 2,300 schools. Parents pay fees of about £1,500 to £2,200 per annum to send their children to these schools . There are preparatory schools where children, aged five to thirteen, are coached for the entrance exams to the public schools. There are 470 public schools which form the pinnacle of fee-paying education; the most famous among them are Eton, Harrow, Marlborough, Winchester and Roedean. The fees are prohibitive to all but the richest parents . Working-class children are the exception there.
Education in Britain mirrors the country’s social system. Vast untapped sources of talent and ability exist amongst working-clss children, who do not get the right educational opportunities. The bias against the working-class child operates throughout the school system , through selection and in many other ways. As a result a large number of talented young people never get near the university.
Admission procedures are in the hands of middle –class individuals who find it difficult not to regard the working-class boy as a “bit of a rough diamond”. Clothes, accent, confidence at interview, if there is one, occupation of parents, are all features which give rise to bias either conscious or unconscious.
The National Education Act of 1944 provided three stages of education; primary, secondary and futher education. The years of compulsory schooling are from five to sixteen (since 1973).
Primary education. Primary education is up to the age of about eleven, covering nursey school or classes ( 3 to 5 ), infant school ( 5 to 7 ) and junior school ( 7 to 11 ).
For a long time the spread of nursery education was inadequate to the needs of the country . This means that the working-class mother who chooses to send her child to nursery school must also arrange to have him transferred to or from that school at midday. Only about 15 per cent of children will be able to attend full-time nursery schools, after which they go to a primary school.
Compulsory education begins at five when children go to infant schools, at seven they go to junior schools. It is assumed that by the time children are ready for junior school they will be able to read and write and do simple addition and subtraction of numbers.
The curriculum in the junior schools is arranged formally into individual subjects.
The children have set periods of arithmetic, reading and composition. They will do other subjects too; nature study, history, geography, singing, drama, physical education, religious instruction, and so on.
In a primary school the first lesson of the day is usually Bible study , and the second lesson arithmetic, both written and mental.
Secondary education. The transition from primary to secondary school is made between ten –and-a-half and twelve years.
Formerly , children took an exam at the end of their primary education to determine whether they continued their education at secondary modern or grammar schools. At the secondary moderns, they would receive a more vocational education, while at grammar schools the emphasis was academic and exam-centred.
Comprehensive schools were introduced more than thirty years ago, and now 75 per cent of all secondary schools are comprehensive. However, some comprehensive and many secondary schools do not have the full range of academic courses for six-formers. Pupils can transfer either to a grammar school or to a six-form college to get the courses they want.
Examinations. At sixteen pupils of grammar, comprehensive or technical schools take their General Certificate of Education, Ordinary level examinations ( GCE 'O-Level).