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2. With a repetition
e.g. The way of the soldier is the way of death, but the way of the Gods is the way of life.
/B. Shaw/
The main stylistic function of antithesis is to create a contrast in description and thus to
emphasize the ideas given in the contrast.
REPRESENTED SPEECH.
There are three ways of rendering speech in the belles-lettres style: direct, indirect
and represented
Direct speech is the speech of personages and that’s why it is given in the
inverted commas. Direct speech usually reflects main peculiarities of the type of speech.
Indirect speech is the speech of the personages of a book given by the author. It
has typical features of the written type of speech.
Represented speech is a unification of the author’s and a character’s speech, a
combination of the author’s narration and a character’s speech. It combines lexical and
syntactical peculiarities of colloquial and literary speech.
Represented speech exists in to varieties:
1.
Uttered represented speech.
2.
Unuttered or inner represented speech.
Represented uttered speech is used to reproduce the words pronounced by the
character.
She asked after lord Jolyon’s health. A wonderful man for his age, so upright
young-looking, and old was she? Eighty-one! She would never have thought it! They
were at the sae! Very nice for them. (Galsworthy)
Here the author represents the questions and words
actually pronounced by the
character. But it is not an absolute reproduction of the words used by the speaker.
Uttered represented speech demands that the tense should be switched from present to
past and that the personal pronouns should be changed from 1
st
and 2
nd
person to 3
rd
person as in indirect speech but the syntactical structure of the utterance does not
change.
e.g. Again and again he was asking himself: what did she think of him? Did she
think of him?
Unlike uttered represented speech inner RS expresses feelings and thoughts of the
character which are not materialised in spoken or written language. That is why it
abounds in interjections,
exclamatory words and phrases, one-member sentences,
breaks.
e.g. He flung out the in a fury, Damn it, he raged, wincing, what kind of man is
he to behave like God ill-mighty! It’s as if he had done me the favour, allowing me to
do his work! (Cronin)
Inner represented speech is usually introduced by verbs of mental perception as to
think, to meditate, to feel,
to occur, to wonder, to understand and the like. The
syntactical peculiarities of direct speech. This is reflected in the word order, variety of
the types of sentences: elliptical, one-member , exclamatory, interrogative, incomplete.
Inner represented speech is a powerful means of expressing feeling and thoughts
of the character, it allows the writer to lead the reader into the inner state of human
mind.
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This stylistic device is used only in the belles-lettres style and is very popular in
the works of the writers of the last two centuries, especially in the works of Thackeray,
Dickens, London, Galsworthy, Dreiser, Maugham and many others.
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