Prof Ashurova D. U., associate professor Normurodova N. Z. Course of lectures

Gradation 
Gradation is a syntactical stylistic device based on the arrangement of a number of 
statements or a group of words in an ascending order of importance to show growing 
emotional tension. 
Threaten him, imprison him, torture him, kill him, you will not induce him to 
betray his country. 
Gradation is based on a gradual increase in significance, each successive unit is 
perceived as stronger than the preceding one. 
I don't attach any value to money I don't care about it, I don't know about it, I don't 
want it, I don't keep it - it goes away from me directly
. 
Gradation can be expressed by a simple sentence. // 
was a mistake, a blunder 
lunacy.
In this case gradation is realized with the help of synonyms. More often gradation is 
expressed by compound sentences, or longer syntactical units. Gradation of this type is 
always based on parallel construction which are frequently accompanied by lexical 
repetition. 
e.g. Say yes. If you don't, I'll break into tears. I'II sob, I'll moan, I'll growl. 
Very often antithesis is combined with other stylistic devices: 
That was a blow, a terrible blow, it was like a death sentence. I stood turned to 
stone. 
Gradation like many other stylistic devices, is a means by which the author expresses 
his evaluation of facts and phenomena. It may be used in different styles of speech. In 
essays it is used for the purpose of arranging the ideas in an ascending order of 
importance. In oratory as well as in the belles-lettres style it is used for emotional 
emphasis. 
1. With a simile 
e.g. Man is harsher than iron, harder than stone and more delicate than a rose. /R. 
Christy. Proverbs and Phrases / 

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2. With a repetition 
e.g. The way of the soldier is the way of death, but the way of the Gods is the way of life. 
/B. Shaw/ 
The main stylistic function of antithesis is to create a contrast in description and thus to 
emphasize the ideas given in the contrast. 
REPRESENTED SPEECH. 
There are three ways of rendering speech in the belles-lettres style: direct, indirect 
and represented
Direct speech is the speech of personages and that’s why it is given in the 
inverted commas. Direct speech usually reflects main peculiarities of the type of speech. 
Indirect speech is the speech of the personages of a book given by the author. It 
has typical features of the written type of speech. 
Represented speech is a unification of the author’s and a character’s speech, a 
combination of the author’s narration and a character’s speech. It combines lexical and 
syntactical peculiarities of colloquial and literary speech. 
Represented speech exists in to varieties: 
1.
Uttered represented speech. 
2.
Unuttered or inner represented speech. 
Represented uttered speech is used to reproduce the words pronounced by the 
character. 
She asked after lord Jolyon’s health. A wonderful man for his age, so upright 
young-looking, and old was she? Eighty-one! She would never have thought it! They 
were at the sae! Very nice for them. (Galsworthy) 
Here the author represents the questions and words actually pronounced by the 
character. But it is not an absolute reproduction of the words used by the speaker. 
Uttered represented speech demands that the tense should be switched from present to 
past and that the personal pronouns should be changed from 1
st
and 2
nd
person to 3
rd
person as in indirect speech but the syntactical structure of the utterance does not 
change. 
e.g. Again and again he was asking himself: what did she think of him? Did she 
think of him? 
Unlike uttered represented speech inner RS expresses feelings and thoughts of the 
character which are not materialised in spoken or written language. That is why it 
abounds in interjections, exclamatory words and phrases, one-member sentences, 
breaks. 
e.g. He flung out the in a fury, Damn it, he raged, wincing, what kind of man is 
he to behave like God ill-mighty! It’s as if he had done me the favour, allowing me to 
do his work! (Cronin) 
Inner represented speech is usually introduced by verbs of mental perception as to 
think, to meditate, to feel, to occur, to wonder, to understand and the like. The 
syntactical peculiarities of direct speech. This is reflected in the word order, variety of 
the types of sentences: elliptical, one-member , exclamatory, interrogative, incomplete. 
Inner represented speech is a powerful means of expressing feeling and thoughts 
of the character, it allows the writer to lead the reader into the inner state of human 
mind. 

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This stylistic device is used only in the belles-lettres style and is very popular in 
the works of the writers of the last two centuries, especially in the works of Thackeray, 
Dickens, London, Galsworthy, Dreiser, Maugham and many others.