Questions 1-10 Complete the table below. Write one word and / or a number

24
_____________ long in one of its 
categories. The Short and Sweet Film Festival is especially 
good for documentary makers who are 
25
__________. And the 
Atlanta Shortsfest accepts numerous forms of documentaries 
including 
26
__________, which are becoming more common. 
List of Headings 
i
A contrast between two historic approaches to documentary filmmaking 
ii
Disagreement between two individual documentary makers 
i
ii
A wide range of opportunities to promote documentary filmmaking 
iv
A number of criticisms about all documentary filmmaking in the past 
v 
One film that represented a fresh approach to documentary filmmaking 
vi
Some probable future trends in documentary filmmaking 
vii
The debate about the origins of documentary filmmaking 
viii
The ability of ordinary people to create documentary films for the first time
 
List of People 
A
Dr Helmut Fischer 
B
Anthony Berwick 
C
Paula Murphy 
D
Maria Fiala 
E
Josh Camberwell
Exam
Practice
Test
1
4
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READING PASSAGE-3 
You should spend about 20 minutes on 
Questions 27-40,
 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. 
Jellyfish: A Remarkable Marine Life Form 
When viewed in the wild, jellyfish are perhaps the most graceful and vividly 
coloured of all sea creatures. But few people have seen a jellyfish living in its 
natural habitat. Instead, they might see a dead and shapeless specimen lying on the 
beach, or perhaps receive a painful sting while swimming, so it is inevitable that 
jellyfish are often considered ugly and possibly dangerous. This misunderstanding 
can be partly traced back to the 20
th
century, when the use of massive nets and 
mechanical winches often damaged the delicate jellyfish that scientists managed to 
recover. As a result, disappointingly little research was carried out into jellyfish, as 
marine biologists took the easy option and focused on physically stronger species 
such as fish, crabs and shrimp. Fortunately, however, new techniques are now 
being developed. For example, scientists have discovered that sound bounces 
harmlessly off jellyfish, so in the Arctic and Norway researchers are using sonar to 
monitor jellyfish beneath the ocean’s surface. This, together with aeroplane 
surveys, satellite imagery and underwater cameras, has provided a wealth of new 
information in recent years. 
Scientists know believe that in shallow water alone there are at least 38 million 
tonnes of jellyfish and these creatures inhabit every type of marine habitat, 
including deep water. Furthermore, jellyfish were once regarded as relatively 
solitary, but this is another area where science has evolved. Dr Karen Hansen was 
the first to suggest that jellyfish are in fact the centre of entire ecosystems, as 
shrimp, lobster, and fish shelter and feed among their tentacles. This proposition 
has subsequently been conclusively proven by independent studies. DNA 
sequencing and isotope analysis have provided further insights, including the 
identification of numerous additional species of jellyfish unknown to science only a 
few years ago. 
This brings us to the issue of climate change. Research studies around the world 
have recorded a massive growth in jellyfish populations in recent years and some 
scientists have linked this to climate change. However, while this may be credible, 
it cannot be established with certainty as other factors might be involved. Related 
to this was the longstanding academic belief that jellyfish had no predators and 
therefore there was no natural process to limit their numbers. However, 
observations made by Paul Dewar and his team showed that this was incorrect. As 
a result, the scientific community now recognises that species including sharks, 
tuna, swordfish and some salmon all prey on jellyfish. 
It is still widely assumed that jellyfish are among the simplest lifeforms, as they no 
brain or central nervous system. While this is true, we now know they possess 
senses that allow them to see, feel and interact with their environment on subtle 
ways. What is more, analysis of so-called ‘upside-down jellyfish’ shows that they 
shut down their bodies and rest in much the same way that humans do at night, 
something once widely believed to be impossible for jellyfish. Furthermore, far 
from ‘floating’ in the water as they are still sometimes thought to do, analysis has 
shown jellyfish to be the most economical swimmers in the animal kingdom. In 
short, scientific progress in recent years has shown that many of our established 
beliefs about jellyfish were inaccurate. 
Jellyfish, though, are not harmless. Their sting can cause a serious allergic reaction 
in some people and large outbreaks of them – known as ‘blooms’ – can damage 
tourist businesses, break fishing nets, overwhelm fish farms and block industrial 
cooling pipes. On the other hand, jellyfish are a source of medical collagen used in 
surgery and wound dressings. In addition, a particular protein taken from jellyfish 
has been used in over 30,000 scientific studies of serious diseases such as 
Alzheimer’s. Thus, our relationship with jellyfish is complex as there are a range of 
conflicting factors to consider. 
Jellyfish have existed more or less unchanged for at least 500 million years. 
Scientists recognise that over the planet’s history there have been three major 
extinction events connected with changing environmental conditions. Together, 
these destroyed 99% of all life, but jellyfish lived through all three. Research in the 
Mediterranean Sea has now shown, remarkably, that in old age and on the point of 
death, certain jellyfish are able to revert to an earlier physical state, leading to the 
assertion that they are immortal. While this may not technically be true, it is 
certainly an extraordinary discovery. What is more, the oceans today contain 30% 
more poisonous acid than they did 100 years ago, causing problems for numerous 
species, but not jellyfish, which may even thrive in more acidic waters. Jellyfish 
throughout their long history have shown themselves to be remarkably resilient. 
Studies of jellyfish in class know as scyphozoa have shown a lifecycle of three 
distinct phases. First, thousands of babies known as planulae are released. Them, 
after a few days the planulae develop into polyps – stationary lifeforms that feed 
off floating particles. Finally, these are transformed into something that looks like a 
stack of pancakes, each of which is a tiny jellyfish. It is now understood that all 
species of jellyfish go through similarly distinct stages of life. This is further 
evidence of just how sophisticated and unusual these lifeforms are.