Germany). However, studies investigating the effects of allo-
geneic serum on BM-MSCs are contradictory [24, 28, 36, 40].
Alternatively, tPRP requires a complicated manufacturing
process [27]. pHPL, in contrast, can be produced by simple
freeze thaw cycles from the standard blood product buffy
coat-derived pooled platelet concentrates. A further advantage
is the possible use of platelet concentrates after their expiry
period of 4-5 days. The freeze-thaw process furthermore
allows for quarantine storage, potentially leading to a larger
batch representing 40 donors. Based on a previously devel-
oped GMP-compliant large-scale protocol, a volume of 200
ml pHPL would be sufficient for one clinical scale BM-MSC
expansion [4]. Thus, one batch of pHPL may be sufficient to
expand MSCs from 10-20 patients.
Based on these results, we performed a comprehensive
comparison of four standardized culture protocols together
with three initial MSC enrichment modalities to define opti-
mized clinical scale MSC culture conditions. We selected one
commercially available, pretested FBS batch, analyzed as
being superior to other batches.
Our results showed for the first time that MSC population
doublings and expansion kinetics were significantly enhanced
in pHPL-supplemented BM-MSC cultures compared with cul-
tures supplemented with selected FBS, HS, or tPRP. Using
pooled HS (or tPRP) exerted comparable expansion kinetics
in early passage BM-MSCs like the pretested FBS batch.
Clinically relevant numbers of MSCs could be obtained
within a maximum of three passages with HS or tPRP, equiv-
alent to FBS cultures. These numbers could certainly be
obtained within the first to second passage in pHPL-supple-
mented cultures. Compared with AT-MSCs, pHPL, but not
HS or tPRP, consistently surpassed FBS in expanding BM-
MSCs. Cell yields in terms of CFU were maintained.
No change in the cellular quality and potency was
obvious. No lot-to-lot variability of pHPL and no variability
between two manufacturing sites, Graz and Mannheim, were
observed. This is in contrast to findings with FBS, where only
selected lots are appropriate for MSC expansion [19]. Interest-
ingly, in AT-MSCs, pHPL at a concentration of 10% did not
allow the expansion of AT-derived cells beyond p1 [22, 27].
Currently, it is not known why pHPL has a stronger mito-
genic effect than HS and tPRP on BM-MSCs. Activating plate-
lets by thrombin or clotting induces secretion of more than 300
proteins and small molecules [41]. Platelet
a granules are het-
erogeneous and contain either pro- or antiangiogenic factors.
Depending on the mode of activation, release of these granule
contents can be differentially induced [42]. Thus far, it cannot
be excluded that various agonists used for platelet activation
select for a certain platelet growth factor composition. We
detected only a limited number of cytokines as differentially
concentrated in feeding or conditioned medium containing
pHPL compared with HS and tPRP. These include bFGF,
GITR, IGFBP-3, latency associated peptide of TGF
b, MIF,
MIP-1
b, MSP-a, RANTES, VEGF, and all different isoforms
of PDGF. PDGF either as homodimer of the A or B chain or
the AB heterodimer showed the highest concentration in pHPL
(supporting information Table 1). PDGF and bFGF are well-
Figure 7.
Selection of differentially regulated growth factors eval-
uated by human cytokine array. Medium supplemented with either
10% human serum (HS), pooled thrombin-activated platelet-rich-
plasma (tPRP), or pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL), and in addi-
tion 3 days of conditioned medium of fetal bovine serum, HS, tPRP,
and pHPL (each
n ¼ 1) were analysed. Depicted cytokines from a list
of 174 (supporting information Table 1) have been selected based on
noticeable differences in the signal intensities indicating different con-
centrations in medium and conditioned medium. Abbreviations: FBS,
fetal bovine serum; HS, pooled human serum; tPRP, pooled throm-
bin-activated platelet-rich-plasma; pHPL, pooled human platelet
lysate.
Bieback, Hecker, Kocao¨mer et al.
2339
www.StemCells.com
described growth factors for MSCs [36, 43]. In a recent study,
the combination of PDGF, bFGF, and transforming growth fac-
tor
b was sufficient to expand MSCs in a serum-free medium
under laboratory scale conditions [44]. MIP-1
b has recently
been attributed to the promotion of fibrosis [45]. Besides stim-
ulatory activities, inhibitory activities might be promoted by
the growth factors present. Also the variety of extracellular
matrix components including fibrin, fibronectin, vitronectin,
and osteonectin may play pivotal roles [46]. In this context, the
modified expression of the fibronectin receptor CD29 (lowest
positivity in tPRP and highest intensity in HS) will be eluci-
dated in further studies. Because of its complexity, multivariate
designs are planned to identify the most relevant components
[47] .
HS, tPRP, and pHPL allowed the isolation of BM-MSCs
with comparable immune phenotype, in vitro functionality
regarding T-cell suppression, and a differentiation potential
like FBS. Focusing on the intended therapeutic application,
additional tests for genomic stability and in vivo differentia-
tion potential will be necessary [4]. Preliminary data by us
and others suggest that autologous serum may even favor
genomic stability compared with FBS [28, 4]. Despite rare
spontaneous transformation events in FBS-cultured MSCs [18,
48, 49], recent data have shown localized genomic instabil-
ities in human BM-MSCs at clinically relevant passages irre-
spective of the serum source used [37, 50]. However, cells in
autologous serum displayed a preserved methylated and
unmethylated state compared with FBS [37]. Related to this,
a recent study suggested that allogeneic AB serum may select
for a more immature MSC phenotype, called mesodermal pro-
genitor cells, which can be induced to differentiate into MSCs
by switching the culture to FBS [38].
Unlike AT-MSCs, hematopoietic contamination was only
detectable in the primary culture of BM-MSCs. In contrast to
previous reports of selecting highly proliferative cells by
enrichment of MSCs by RosetteSep or CD271 sorting [51], in
our study, both strategies were not advantageous in any of the
culture conditions tested. Admittedly, we used standardized
and not method-optimized culture conditions. The addition of
growth factors has been suggested for highly purified precursor
cells that do not get trophic support from other cell types [52].
Culturing cells under different conditions may affect the
secretion of trophic mediators. With the cytokine array
applied, we cannot directly compare medium supplemented
with FBS to the human supplements because of the anti-
human specificity of most antibodies. The response of MSCs
cultured in FBS shows certain differences as described in
detail within the Results. Currently the cytokine array repre-
sents only a preliminary insight into the complex secretome
of MSCs. We have therefore already initiated further studies
to evaluate cytokines that may function as markers to ensure
a quality control of supplement batches and to further monitor
MSC potency and therapeutic efficacy.
Although human components can easily be prepared
according to blood banking standards, there remains the risk
of sensitization by blood group substances or by adventitious
agents not covered by routine blood donor testing. Implemen-
tation of further procedures such as quarantine storage or
pathogen inactivation into a large-scale, GMP-compliant
pHPL manufacturing may ensure the highest possible quality
standards [53].
Our approach is currently limited by the in vitro compari-
son of MSC qualities. Further studies focusing on genomic
stability or lack of transformation and in vivo differentiation
potential, as well as homing capacities, are currently under-
way to show that MSCs isolated and expanded by using
pHPL share properties of FBS-cultured MSCs. The data pub-
lished thus far support maintenance of differentiation and bio-
logic safety, even in vivo [3, 4, 17, 21]. Presently, the first
application of pHPL expanded BM-MSCs has been performed
to treat refractory graft versus host disease [54].
C
ONCLUSION
Our data based on a paired analysis of 14 bone marrow donor
MSCs using three different human alternative supplements
compared with FBS for MSC isolation and expansion indicate
that all tested human supplements support the isolation and
expansion of BM-MSCs comparably to FBS. Human platelet
lysate, however, seems to be the optimal component, assuring
enriched cell numbers, maintained viability, cell identity, pu-
rity, sterility, and potency of BM-MSCs. pHPL favors not
only very rapid but also long-term expansion while maintain-
ing the immune phenotype, differentiation, and immunomodu-
latory capacities. The combined fast, profound, and extended
expansion suggests that the progenitor compartment in pHPL-
supplemented cultures is best preserved.
A
CKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Angela Lenzen (H.L.) and Claudia Url (K.S. and D.S.)
for excellent technical assistance, Monica Farrell and Daniele
Griffiths for proofreading the manuscript, and our colleagues
from the German Red Cross Blood Donor Service, especially
from the production unit, for support. This work was supported
by a research fund of the German Federal Ministry of Education
and Research (O1GN O531; K.B., H.L., and H.K.); ‘‘Osteo-
Cord’’ (LSHB-CT-2005-O18999), a project commissioned by
the European Community (K.B.); and Austrian Research Foun-
dation Grant N211-NAN (D.S.).
D
ISCLOSURE OF
P
OTENTIAL
C
ONFLICTS
OF
I
NTEREST
The authors indicate no potential conflicts of interest.
R
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